2
10
144
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Title
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Ratings
Description
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Studies where participants make a series of ratings or judgements when presented with stimuli
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Title
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Does Noise Affect How Children Learn Grammar in the Classroom?
Creator
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Ashlynn Mayo
Date
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Academic year: 22-23
Description
An account of the resource
In a classroom environment noise can be a significant impediment, obstructing and distorting essential information being taught. Extensive prior research consistently indicates that noise has a detrimental impact on learning, those who learn in noise retain and comprehend far less information than their counterparts who learn in quiet. To date there are no studies that investigate the effect of noise on learning grammar specifically -the primary aim of the current study is the address this research gap. This paper details our recruitment of 16 children aged 7– 12 through the Babylab database at Lancaster university. This study employed a between participants design, where children completed a three-part audio evaluation, engaged in an artificial grammar paradigm, and a undertook a working memory task. The artificial grammar paradigm was employed as our primary assessment tool, participants were exposed to the grammar either in noise or in quiet. Results were analysed using a multiple regression with total grammar score as the dependent variable and age, gender, condition, and working memory as the independent variables. In contrast the prior research, our results revealed that the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable was statistically nonsignificant, proving our null hypotheses to be true. These findings suggest that background noise does not affect how children learn grammar in the classroom challenging the existing understanding that noise negatively impacts learning.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Developmental, regression
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Participants
16 children aged 7-12 years old participated in this study, unfortunately due to technical
issues 5 participants’ data were excluded leaving 11 children’s data to be included in the
analysis (M=8.64, SD=1.63, female=7, male=4). Children were recruited through the Lancaster
University Babylab database and by flyers posted on social media and local community.
A requirement of the current study was that children be English speaking monolinguals,
this is because an abundance of research has indicated that those who can speak two or more
languages are at a far greater advantage when it comes to new language acquisition (Antoniou
et al., 2015). Therefore, in order to control the likelihood of extraneous variables such as this
we ensured all participants were English speaking monolinguals only.
Furthermore, children were also required to have normal vision or corrected to normal
vision. To rule out hearing loss all children had to pass an otoscope inspection, a
tympanometry test, and a pure tone hearing screening at 20dB in the standard frequencies
(250Hz-8kHZ).
The current study employed a between participant design whereby subjects were
allocated to a condition based on their age and gender -age was categorised into 7-9 and 10-12-
in order to ensure that there were as equal an amount of males and females in each condition
over all ages. It is crucial for the validity of the study that children are only exposed to the
artificial grammar paradigm once or data will be rendered unreliable as they will have an unfair
advantage over the other participants.
Ethics for the current study have been obtained from the Departmental Ethics
Committee (DEC), Psychology Department at Lancaster University.
Materials
This study was conducted within a double walled soundproof chamber at Lancaster
University’s PELiCAN lab where the participant sat at a desk with a monitor placed in front of
them. A secondary researcher was present in the lab for health and safety purposes.
Consent and assent forms, a background questionnaire on the child’s hearing, audio
evaluation results, and task data were all recorded on REDCap (Harris et al., 2009; Harris et
al., 2019): a GDPR compliant application for data capture.
Travel compensation was provided: £5 within 40 minutes and £10 for over 40 minutes.
Furthermore, children received a certificate and book of their choosing from the PELiCAN lab.
The audio evaluation
This study was comprised of three sections: an audio evaluation whereby an otoscope
examination, tympanometry test, and audiogram using Affinity Suite were conducted. During
the audiogram participants wore headphones and had a handheld button that they pressed when
they heard the pure tone sounds.
The Artificial Grammar Paradigm
After passing the hearing evaluation the children completed an artificial grammar
paradigm previously used by Torkildsen et al. (2013) consisting of two grammatical forms: aX
and Yb. The paradigm was presented in the form of an alien game whereby the children helped
an alien learn a new language. We presented the paradigm in this format in order to increase
engagement; children are motivated by the colourful and curious nature of a game (Blumberg
et al., 2019) and therefore we are far more likely to obtain more data (less drop outs due to
fatigue and boredom). This task was created in PsychoPy and hosted by Pavlovia.
The background noise
In order to imitate the background noise of a classroom speech shaped noise (SSN)
(e.g. Leibold et al., 2013) was emitted through a speaker on the back wall of the booth behind
the child. The background noise speaker was 180 degrees on the azimuth, and the target
speaker was 0 degrees on the azimuth. Background stimuli was calibrated so that for the quiet
condition the stimulus was emitted at 35dB and for the noisy condition it was played at 65dB.
The n-back Test of Working Memory
Lastly, we conducted the 1-back test of working memory (Owen et al., 2005) which
was also created on PsychoPy and hosted by Pavlovia
Procedure
Prior to the commencement of the study guardians gave informed consent (See
Appendix C), if the child was 11 or older they gave informed assent in addition to this (See
Appendix D). Guardians were then asked to complete a short background questionnaire
pertaining to their child’s hearing (See Appendix H). Whilst they completed these forms the
researcher began the study inside the booth; using Affinity suite it was ensured that the
microphone inside the booth was turned on in order for the guardian to be able to hear what
was going on inside the booth by using the headphones places outside the booth.
As aforementioned, the audio evaluation consisted of three tests, these were
administered in the booth by the researcher and took up to 15 minutes. Firstly, an ear
inspection was conducted using an otoscope, participants were required to have clear ears free
of perforations and/or any infection. Secondly, a tympanometry test was conducted whereby
participants must have passed with type A (normal) results. Lastly a pure tone hearing
screening was conducted at 20dB in the standard frequencies (250Hz-8kHZ). The researcher
left the booth for the audiogram in order to run the program on the desktop outside the booth
while the child remained inside the booth.
The task consisted of 11 blocks comprised of 4 exposure items and 2 test items, before
the test portion children were exposed to 4 examples of what is expected of them, they had to
get these right in order for the software to move onto the test phase. If children did not get
these right the researcher explained and promoted them to pick the correct answer. Children
were required to press ‘x’ on the keyboard for right and ‘n’ on the keyboard for wrong, answers
were saved and recorded automatically on Pavlovia. The software was run by the researcher
from outside the booth and was mirrored onto the desktop inside the booth.
Lastly, we conducted the 1-back test of working memory (Owen et al., 2005), where
children were exposed to a number of animal sounds and were required to record weather the
stimuli was a new sound or one they had heard before, ‘x’ represented repeated sound and ‘n’
represented a new sound, participants had to ensure they made a button press after each noise.
Once all tasks were completed the researcher collected the child from inside the booth
and a short verbal and written debrief was given to the child and guardian. Guardians were
given and signed for their travel compensation, and children received a certificate from the
PELiCAN lab and were able to choose a book of their liking. Participants were walked back to
their car or bus to bring a close to the visit.
Analysis
In order to answer our research questions we will carry out a multiple linear regression
using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 28). We will be employing a between participants design
where we will examine the effect of background noise (noisy and quiet) on total grammar
score. Our additional independent variables will be working memory, gender and age. If we
find a statistically significant result with regard to grammar score then we will be conducting a
post hoc test on grammar score breaking them down into aX and Yb in order to determine the
difference between the two types of grammar.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
Format
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Data/Excel.xls
Identifier
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Mayo2023
Contributor
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Chloe Massey, Molly Pugh, Chloe Kitis
Rights
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Open
Relation
A related resource
None
Language
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English
Type
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Data
Coverage
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LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Hannah Stewart
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Developmental
Sample Size
11 participants (7 Female, 4 Male)
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Regression
-
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/02bb9218d0b3af78bfd7128818e52817.doc
19a8aed24e888a51cf35142b9e4852b2
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Title
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Questionnaire-based study
Description
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An analysis of self-report data from the administration of questionnaires(s)
Dublin Core
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Title
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Prospect theory and intermediate audience: the effects of context on behavioural intention
Creator
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Wai Man Ko
Date
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01/09/2023
Description
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Prospect theory predicts how people react to gain or loss-framed outcomes in dilemma situations, where the potential consequence of the choice is framed as a gain (e.g., lives saved) or as a loss (lives lost). This gain-loss framing communication strategy, derived from the theory, has been applied in many contexts, from promoting the use of reusable coffee mugs to vaccination compliance, with loss-framed appeals being found generally to be more persuasive than gain-framed appeals in the context of promoting vaccination. The current study focused on exploring whether these well-established effects persist when an intermediate audience is exposed to gain/loss-framed messaging, using influenza (flu) vaccination intentionality as an outcome. Intermediate audiences refer to those who are evaluating the gains and losses from the message on behalf of someone else (the ultimate audience), while normal audiences are those making decisions on their own behalf. Two hundred participants were recruited for an online, between-subject study, in which participants were split into two audience conditions and within which they were further split to view a gain-framed or a loss-framed message. Their subsequent behavioural intentions were measured as the outcome, with age as a potential moderating factor (and emotional attachment as a potential mediator exclusively for the intermediate audience condition). Results indicate that neither age nor emotional attachment are significant moderators or mediators. Loss-framed appeal enjoyed a persuasive advantage over the gain-framed appeal only in the intermediate audience condition. Possible interpretations of results, along with potential further directions of research, are discussed.
Subject
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Prospect theory, gain/loss framing, intermediate audience, communication research, health communication, vaccination
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
To test the outlined hypotheses, our current study took the form of an online Qualtrics questionnaire (see appendix B for questions) where the questionnaire would introduce participants to one of the audience conditions and view the appropriate version of the manipulated message before moving on to answering some items measuring their behavioural intention and emotional attachment. The study has a 2 (intermediate/normal audience condition) X 2 (gain/loss-framed appeal) design with emotional attachment as a potential mediating variable for the intermediate audience condition and behavioural intention as the outcome variable for all audience conditions.
Participants
We recruited 200 healthy adults based in the UK on Prolific, an online research participant recruitment platform. Participants have provided consent and completed the study remotely with their personal devices. Their unique Prolific ID was used in this study as the only identifier, which cannot be traced back to them personally. Participants were compensated monetarily for their participation.
We randomly assigned our participants to one of the four audience conditions with 50 participants each: the normal gain-framed condition, the normal loss-framed condition, the intermediate gain-framed condition, and the intermediate loss-framed condition.
Questionnaire design
Consent
The participant gave consent to participate in the study with the Qualtrics consent element so that participants can check a box for each item. There were seven items that the participants had to check one by one before commencing the study. Responses which failed to provide a full response in the consent item would be removed from the study.
Demographics
For demographics, we have recorded the participants' age and gender for the records. As mentioned, age was also analysed as a moderator as part of our analysis. We have also recorded their Prolific IDs to ensure completion and arrange payment.
Settings of the study
After giving demographic information, participants were introduced to a small piece of information that gave them the context of this study. In normal audience conditions, participants were told that someone had sent them an ad about the flu vaccination, which refers to the manipulated message they will soon view. While for the intermediate audience, on top of the information that is revealed to the normal audience, they were exclusively told that they were a manager in a small town's paper company, which gives them the role of an intermediate audience (manager) who must evaluate the later presented message on behalf of other parties (employees) with themselves irrelevant to the gains and losses.
Material
We have chosen flu vaccination as our topic malady for the manipulation messages as COVID vaccines, as used in recent studies, are perhaps less relevant in what is generally thought of as the post-COVID era. Flu vaccinations, unlike many other vaccines, remain relevant to the major population and most age groups. To allow a closer resemblance to real-world settings and increase the generalisability of the results, we have made unofficial Facebook posts that claim to be from the NHS as the message format. Participants were informed that the graphics were not an actual Facebook post from the NHS but rather a material used solely for this study. See Figure 2 for an example, and appendix A for the complete set of stimuli presented to the participants in the study.
Audience condition. Figure 2 is the gain-framed version of the message from the normal audience condition. In normal audience conditions, the message communicates directly to the participants, stating the potential pros or cons for the participants when the participants decide to vaccinate or not vaccinate. In this condition, it is assumed that the participants evaluated the message on their behalf and nobody else's. While on the contrary, the intermediate audience condition communicates a slightly different message. The "you" in the message is replaced by "your employees". The purpose of this is to highlight that the participants evaluate this message as an intermediate audience (the manager), deciding whether they would recommend the vaccine to somebody else (the ‘ultimate audience’) given the outlined potential gains and losses, while the gains and losses remain irrelevant to the participants personally.
Message framing. The figure is a gain-framed message, and as mentioned, it follows the logical flow of "if you vaccinate, good things will happen". As we can see in Figure 2, if the recipient vaccinates, then according to the text, he/she would have a reduced chance of infection and a reduction in the duration and severity of the symptoms. The lost-framed version of the message follows the logical flow of "if you do not vaccinate, bad things will happen." So, in contrast to figure 2, the lost framed messages would say if the recipient does not vaccinate, he/she would have an increased chance of infection and increase in duration and severity of the symptoms. The two messages communicate the same reality and are logically equivalent. Hence, any differences between the groups can be attributed to the message framing.
Check questions.
After viewing the message, the participants were asked two questions regarding the ads content before moving on to later questions. The check questions were designed to be simple reading comprehension questions that check whether the participants attended to the message in the reading process. We have removed all responses failing to provide a correct answer in either one of the questions.
Behavioural intention
After viewing the framed messages, we have several Likert scale 7-point agree-disagree items used to measure the behavioural intention of the participants. However, given the audience condition differences and hence the potential differences in the decision-making process, behavioural intention for the two types of audience is defined differently. For the intermediate audience condition, behavioural intention is defined as "the intention to recommend/promote behaviour to the ultimate audience (employees)". While for the normal audience conditions, we measure their intention to get the vaccination for themselves. Both audience conditions responded to six items probing their behavioural intentions. In the normal audience condition, participants were asked how likely they would be to get the flu jab, how urgent they thought it is, and whether they would likely plan to get a flu jab after viewing the message. There are also items with reversed wordings asking whether they think getting a flu jab is NOT urgent. The intermediate audience was asked how likely they are to recommend the flu vaccine to their employees and how urgent and necessary they believe the vaccine is to their employees. (See the appendix for the complete set of questions.)
Emotional attachment
As mentioned, there are speculations revolving around the involvement of relational dynamics and relevant emotions in the intermediate audience. Therefore, we have arranged a set of questions probing the participant's emotional attachment towards the employee exclusively for the intermediate audience condition. There were four questions in total in this part of the study, which focused solely on the participants' sense of protection towards the employee, asking to what extent the participants thought that the vaccine was necessary for the employee's own good and well-being, and to what extent were the participants eager to protect them; an item with reversed wordings were also included. (See the appendix for the complete set of questions.)
Method of analysis
We analysed the data using the clm() and clmm() functions from the ordinal package in RStudio using R version 4.1.1. We first confirmed the main effects of message framing and audience conditions using clm(), and then we moved on to analyse the magnitude of random interacting effects of age, question type and individual differences. The reason for choosing cumulative link models (clm) was that the models were designed explicitly for ordinal variables like Likert scales, which predict the probability of each response level, unlike some metric models and prevent type 1 and type 2 errors resulting from forcing ordinal variables onto metric models (Liddell & Kruschke, 2018). As for emotional attachment, given each item was probing quite a different emotion (e.g., sense of responsibility/ sense of protection), we have decided to fit a multivariate ordinal variable using the mvord() function to see if there is a significant difference in the multiple emotional outcomes under different audience condition, after which we investigated if any emotional attachment item was a significant predictor of behavioural intention using another clm model. We have also fitted clm() models including the interaction term between age and conditions predicting behavioural intention to see if age moderates the relationship between message framing and behavioural intention as proposed. Lastly, we have fitted a cumulative link mixed model (clm) to consider the role of potential sources of random effects such as participant differences and question differences in the analyses.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Lancaster University
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Data/Excel.csv
Analysis/r_file.R
Text/Word.doc
Identifier
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Ko2023
Contributor
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Eleanor Little, Alicia Turner, Laurie Dixon
Rights
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Open
Relation
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None
Language
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English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Data
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Leslie Hallam
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Marketing
Sample Size
185 participants (124 females, 58 males, 2 non-binary, and 1 undisclosed)
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Regression
-
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/3f375427b3cd3cd552632ac865895843.pdf
1414b72894a9a0b026784d7012d88fd3
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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EEG
Description
An account of the resource
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method for monitoring electrical activity in the brain. It uses electrodes placed on or below the scalp to record activity with coarse spatial but high temporal resolution
Dataset
Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Effect of Repetitive Headers on Acute Vestibular, Neural, Cognitive and Auditory Function in Football Players
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jessica Andrew
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 5th,2023
Description
An account of the resource
The potential long-term consequences of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts, particularly from heading in football, have raised concerns about their association with neurodegenerative diseases in ex-professional football players. Recent research suggests that the accumulative nature of heading in football may lead to subtle brain changes, ultimately contributing to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. This study aimed to investigate the immediate short-term effects of repeated headers in football on brain function. Seventeen football players completed a total of five high-force linear headers, one header every 2-minutes, imitating corner clearance headers, positioned 32 meters away from a ball launching machine. Four neurophysiological assessments were reported pre- and post-heading exercise: 1) vestibular evaluation for balance and sway changes, 2) neural assessment for resting brain activity changes, 3) cognitive tests measuring memory, attention and reaction time, 4) auditory assessment to assess any auditory processing changes. Paired-samples t-tests and Wilcoxon’s signed rank tests found no significant changes in pre-to-post heading exercise scores in any measurements. These findings warrant further investigation to determine whether the measures used were sensitive enough to detect subtle sub-concussive changes. Or, whether findings indicate a safe maximum number, specific to this type of header, has been established and this frequency does not pose any additional risks to footballers’ brain function. This study contributes to the ongoing research surrounding player safety in football and the immediate short-term effects of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Repetitive Sub-concussion, Football Heading, Neurocognitive Performance
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Method
Participants
A power analysis for Analysis of Variance was conducted to determine the sample size needed for this study with an 80% power level, which identified a minimum of 40 participants to achieve a medium effect size of f=0.25, α=.001. This study did not collect a full sample and therefore is underpowered, as there are only a total of 17 participants (mean age=20.35). Participants were either academy players from Burnley Football Club or Lancaster University’s football team and were required to be male aged between 18 and 30- years with no history of concussion within the last month. This ensured variability between participants was minimal and excluding individuals with a recent history of concussion will mitigate potential confounding effects and isolate acute sub-concussive effects of heading, meaning this study will better attribute any observed effects to the specific act of heading rather than to prior injuries. Prior to volunteering, participants gave full consent and completed a modified version of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), which is designed to measure participants readiness to participate in exercise or physical activity. See Appendix A for questionnaire. The purpose of the PAR-Q was to identify any potential underlying health concerns that may become an issue when participating. Additionally, participants completed a demographic questionnaire which was used to collect information about characteristics of the sample and highlighted whether participants had recently been concussed. See Appendix B for questionnaire. If any health concerns emerged during the completion of either questionnaire, participants were unable to continue with participation.
Materials
Participants were tested using a test battery comprised from four elements detailed below.
PROTXX.
Vestibular sway was measured using a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU), called PROTXX. IMU is an electronic device designed to measures and report an individual’s orientation, velocity and gravitational forces (Powell et al., 2022). The IMU includes an accelerometer with three axis, X, Y and Z. The X-axis measures front-back acceleration, Y- axis measures vertical acceleration, and Z-axis measures left-right acceleration. For each of the three axes (x, y and z), during each 60 second test, data is recorded at a sampling rate of 100Hz and generates a total of 12,000 samples. Samples are filtered, meaning PROTXX eliminates gravitational bias and drift by using a high pass filter with a .04Hz cut-off frequency. An overall average is taken for each axis to compute one score for each of the four measures, 1) eyes open, 2) eyes closed 3) a ratio of the first two scores and 4) average power. It is also thought that the average power, calculated by adding the eyes closed and eyes open scores together, and divided by 2, can support a more objective way to clinically diagnose concussion, rather than the single tests alone (Ralston et al., 2020).
EEG Acquisition and Pre-Processing
Neural function was measured using EEG, Enobio 8 5G wireless device (Neuroelectrics, Cambridge, MA, USA). Participants wore a Neoprene headband to collect data from the frontal part of the head only, as this is where participants will later be instructed to header the ball. The Neoprene headband offers predefined positions for seven channels (F7, AF8. Fp1, Fpz, Fp2, AF8. F8) used to record EEG data and is based on the 10-10 international system (Jurcak et al., 2007). Figure 1 is a schematic of electrode location sites on the forehead. Participants wore an ear clip on their right ear with reference DRL/CMS electrodes. EEG data was initially visualised at a sampling rate of 500Hz and the line noise filter at 50Hz. Sticktrode pre-gelled self-adhesive electrodes were used and placed under the gaps of the Neoprene headband.The Necbox, is the core of the Enobio system, and is wirelessly connected to a laptop using NIC software (Neuroelectrics, Barcelona, Spain). Before any analysis, recorded EEG signals were coded and pre-processed in EEGLAB, a MATLAB toolbox (See Appendix C for EEGLAB Script) (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) (Delorme & Makeig, 2004). This is to ensure that data is in a suitable format and quality for analysis is reliable. Signals were downsampled to 256Hz, re-referenced to the average of all channels, and two types of filtering were applied to EEG data, high-pass (0.1Hz) and low-pass (40Hz) filtering. Independent Component Analysis was then applied to the pre-processed EEG data using a threshold of 0.8. This step was added to identify and remove any eye blinks, heart and muscle artifacts with 80% certainty (Chang et al., 2020). Components that have a score between 0.8 and 1 for artifacts are flagged for potential rejection and removed from EEG data.
Neural activity pre-and post-heading exercise were analysed using power spectral density analysis (PSD). PSD analysis is a method used to analyse frequency components present in a signal. To conduct a PSD analysis, this study used the code spectopo() function within EEGLAB. The average power of EEG frequency bands was calculated for each of the seven electrodes used in this study. The frequency bands were separated in the following way: theta (4-8Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), beta (12-30Hz) and gamma (30-40Hz) (Harris & Myers, 2023; Munia et al., 2017).
ImPACT Quick Test
ImPACT Quick Test measures different areas of cognitive function using five subtests that contribute to three overall composite scores used within this study’s analysis: Motor Speed, Memory, and Attention Tracker. The five subtests used to measure the participants cognitive abilities are:
1. Symbol Match – Reaction Time Subtest. The first subtest was a symbol match test which measured reaction time. Participants had to match a series of shapes with a specific number and the average time taken to complete all trials was recorded. (Figure 2a)
2. Symbol Match – Memory Subtest. This symbol match test also measured memory and asked participants to recall the number-symbol pairs and remember which symbol was matched up with which number. The resulting score is the percentage of correctly recalled number-symbol pairs across the trials. (Figure 2b)
3. Three Letter Memory – Speed Subtest. The participant is initially given three consonants. Participants are then given a computer-randomised 5x5 number grid and asked to count backwards from 25. The result is how long it takes the participant to count backwards from 25 to 1. This subtest provides a measure of speed, but also serves as an interference task for the next subtest. (Figure 2c)
4. Three Letter Memory – Memory Subtest. This subtest measures the participants memory and recall. It provided a measure of memory and tested how well the participants could recall the three consonants after completing the computer-randomised 5x5 number grid interference task. (Figure 2d)
5. Attention Tracker – Reaction Time and Attention Subtest. This subtest is comprised of three separate tasks and involves a circle that moves in the shape of a square, figure 8 and a sporadic/random pattern across the screen. The participant is asked to tap the circle when it changes from red to green at various points during its movement. This subtest provides results for reaction time and how fast the participant can react to the colour change and how well the participant can keep their attention sustained on the moving circle. (Figure 2e)
Digits in Noise Test (DiN)
The final testing measure used within this study was an online DiN test to measure participant’s auditory function. The DiN task is written in Javascript and hosted as a web- application on a Google Cloud Platform. Participants remained seated for this measure and listened to a British female voice who said three digits in a random order that are embedded into speech-shaped background noise (Smits et al., 2004). Stimuli was presented diotically in a quiet environment through supplied wired overhead SteelSeries 5Hv2 headphones. Signal- to-noise ratio (SNR) is a measure used to quantify strength of a desired signal relative to background noise level. A flexible approach called an adaptive 1-up, 1-down psychophysical method was employed. When a participant recalled the three digits correctly, SNR decreased, and when participants recalled the digits incorrectly, SNR increased. The DiN test began with a SNR of 0dB. As the test progressed, the changes in difficulty, known as step sizes, decreased from 5 to 2 dB after 3 reversals. Then after 3 more reversals, step sizes reduced even more to 0.5dB. A reversal refers to a change in direction, therefore the difficulty level is adjusted in the opposite direction. The test concluded after a total of 10 reversals and the final five SNR were recorded and an average was created, to calculate the participant’s speech in noise threshold. This threshold represents the level of background noise at which participants correctly identify the digits spoken to them. Football Heading
Within this study, participants received headers by a ball launching machine (Ball Launcher Pro Trainer, Ball Launcher). Participants completed five high-force linear headers at 35 yards from the ball launching machine at a ball speed of 50mph, the speed of the ball is regarded as below the average corner kick for collegiate-level players, which helps reduce the likelihood of injury and discomfort to players (Elbin et al., 2015; Tierney et al., 2021). This exercise is designed to mimic heading during football matches, specifically a clearance header from a corner (Figure 3). This ball launcher allowed for each of the headers to be consistent when measuring the effects of heading in football. The football used in this study was size 5, inflated to the FA standards of 8.6-15.6 PSI (The Football Association, 2023).
Procedure
A chronological schematic representation of the experimental procedure has been provided below (Figure 4).
Players at Burnley Football Club were contacted via their club’s representative and Lancaster University players were emailed directly. Upon arrival, participants were informed that the study will take around one hour to complete and asked to read the participant information sheet to ensure they fully understood the requirements before completing the consent, PAR-Q and demographic form. Participants height and weight was taken on the day, meaning that the demographic questionnaire will be filled in accurately. These forms were screened by the researcher(s) to ensure eligibility. Once completed, participants were first tested using PROTXX sensor. Participants were asked whether they experience any skin irritation or sensitivities due to prolonged adhesive contact, for example when using plasters. If there were no known adhesive-related reactions, PROTXX sensor was attached to the right mastoid using a disposable medical adhesive patch (figure 5). However, if participants did have adhesive-related reactions, PROTXX sensor was placed into a headband, and positioned in the same location (figure 6).
Participants were instructed to stand still, in an upright relaxed position with feet hips width apart and arms by their side whilst maintaining a straight, fixed gaze, three meters away from a specific target. Participants were instructed not to talk, chew gum, turn their head, fidget or move while the test is in progress. A smartphone app (protxxclinic; Version 1.0 build 13), connects to PROTXX via Bluetooth to run the tests and collect data. Participants completed two 60 second trials; eyes open and eyes closed. The app is used to start the test and participants are made aware of an audible countdown. One researcher stood by the participant to ensure no apprehension of falling during the eyes closed trial. The app sounded a tone signifying the test was 10-seconds away from finishing. Participants were instructed not to move until tests are completed and researchers had informed them, they can relax. If any anomalous participant movement was observed during the testing, said test data was excluded from analysis.
The second testing measure completed was EEG. Participants were seated for this measure and prior to setting up EEG, they were asked to wipe their foreheads with an alcohol wipe to reduce the impedance. Participants wore a Neoprene headband across their forehead with seven pre-gelled adhesive electrodes placed on bare skin located at each channel site and the reference channels were linked to their right ear (figure 7).
Electrode placement was completed, then connected via Bluetooth to a desktop app. The researcher(s) instructed participants to blink rapidly several times to create distinct electrical patterns on EEG recordings. This procedure is known as artifact-inducing task and is used to verify the quality of EEG readings (Grosselin et al., 2019). Participants were asked to sit in a comfortable position with eyes closed and 5-minutes of resting state EEG activity was recorded. A quiet environment was used, with minimal foot traffic, to reduce background noise and lessened potential of any auditory artifacts.
The third testing measure completed was ImPACT Quick Test. Participants remained seated for this measure and completed the assessment tool on an iPad in a quiet environment to remove distractions. The iPad was placed on a table in front of the participant who was instructed not to hold the iPad in their hands (Figure 8). The test was taken in one sitting and took participants between 5-7 minutes to complete.
The final testing measure participants completed was DiN. This measure required participants to remain seated in the quiet environment and wear provided overhead- headphones, that were plugged into the iPad (Figure 9). Before the test began, some music played through the headphones and participants were asked to find a volume level that was comfortable for them and were instructed to not change once selected. Participants were informed that this measure will vary in difficulty, and to guess the digits if they were unable to identify them. There was an opportunity to have a practice trial at this measure, so participants were familiar with the task and response procedure before the measure began. Participants would input three digits that they heard or guessed on the iPad’s keypad displayed. Again, this test was to be completed in one sitting and took no more than 3- minutes to complete.
After all baseline assessments were complete, participants moved on to the heading exercise, which was conducted in an indoor open space. The primary objective of this exercise was to execute five consecutive linear high-force headers within a timeframe of 10- minutes, giving participants 2-minutes rest between each header. Before commencing the heading exercise, participants received a briefing to prepare them. They were informed about their designated position, situated 35 yards away from the ball launching machine, replicating the distance of a typical corner kick in real-game scenarios. The ball would be launched at a velocity of 50mph from a ball launching machine, ensuring consistency. To optimise their heading technique, participants were encouraged to aim for frontal contact and direct the ball back in a linear trajectory towards the ball launching machine and were allowed to take a single step and execute a jump into the header (to replicate real-life situations). Additionally, a secondary researcher positioned further back from the participant was responsible for retrieving any missed headers, thereby sparing participants unnecessary energy expenditure. To familiarise participants with the dynamics and to help maximise their performance during this heading task, participants were acclimatised to the ball’s trajectory, observing several ball launches from the side-line and standing in their designed position before initiating any heading attempts. This also ensured that participants were comfortable with the ball speed.
Participants immediately completed the test battery again to obtain their post-heading scores, which were compared to evaluate the effect of headers on various test battery components. To close the study, participants were given a debrief sheet, and given a further opportunity to ask questions or raise concerns.
Statistical Analysis
Data pre- and post-heading were evaluated using paired-samples t-tests. The specific data used to input into the analyses was the independent variable, the point at which participants completed the test battery, pre-post heading exercise. The dependent variables
consisted of data collected from the different measures: PROTXX; using individual eyes open and closed condition sway power scores, in addition to ratio and average power of these conditions, EEG; PSD for the four frequency bands, (alpha, beta, theta and gamma) were averaged across each seven electrodes for each participant, ImPACT; overall composite scores for each cognitive domain (motor speed, memory and attention) and DIN; SNR thresholds. The paired-samples t-test is specifically designed to compare the means or averages of two related groups. These analyses test for immediate short-term effects that may occur after RSHI. Data was tested for normality using Shapiro-Wilks’ test (Shapiro & Wilk, 1965). This step is crucial to verify whether the data meets parametric assumption of a normal distribution before proceeding with further analyses. Analyses were performed using statistical software R Studio. See Appendix D for R Studio Script.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
Format
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Excel.csv("Linear Heading Study Data.xlsx")
r_file.R("Dissertation_Masters.R")
Identifier
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Andrew2023
Contributor
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Niko Liu ,Anusha Sandeep, David Racovita
Rights
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'Open'
Relation
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N/A
Language
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English
Type
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Data
Coverage
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LA20PF
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Dr Helen Nuttall
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
Masters
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Neuropsychology
Sample Size
17 participants
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
T-Test
Other
-
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/42f25a4afae4681322de3eaca175d305.pdf
f34904e516c4c04821ec1e52402b3ea9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Questionnaire-based study
Description
An account of the resource
An analysis of self-report data from the administration of questionnaires(s)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Cerebral Lateralisation for Emotion Processing of Chimeric Faces in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Creator
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Alexandra Crossley
Date
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5th September 2023
Description
An account of the resource
Many studies have suggested that typical lateralisation for emotion processing tasks, such as facial emotion recognition, is lateralised to the right-hemisphere, with different emotions eliciting differing strengths of lateralisation (Bourne, 2010). However, there has been much debate as to the lateralisation of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Ashwin et al., 2005; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2010). This study assessed the cerebral lateralisation of 30 adults with ASD, five children with ASD, 435 neurotypical adults and ten neurotypical children in a chimeric faces task, and aimed to identify whether the atypical lateralisation seen in children with ASD persists into adulthood (Taylor et al., 2012). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify whether lateralisation strength is affected by the emotion of the facial stimuli. No emotion- or age-related change in lateralisation was found, however, participants with ASD demonstrated a weaker right-hemispheric lateralisation compared to neurotypical participants. Therefore, this study supported the concept that individuals with ASD show atypical lateralisation which persists into adulthood, however, no evidence was found to support the concept that different emotions elicit different strengths of lateralisation.
Subject
The topic of the resource
autism spectrum disorder, cerebral lateralisation, emotion processing, adults, children, chimeric faces task
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Method
Participants
Data from a total of 481 participants with native level English proficiency (or age expected language development in children), normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no history of neurological disease or hearing loss were analysed for the current study (Table 1). Participants in the group ‘adults with ASD’ (N = 30; age: M = 30.17, SD = 9.85) were recruited through adverts on social media, through Prolific Academic (www.prolific.co), and through word of mouth. Participants in the groups ‘children with ASD’ (N = 5; age: M = 6.8, SD = 1.48) and ‘neurotypical children’ (N = 11; age: M = 7.0, SD = 1.90) were recruited through primary schools and word of mouth (Brooks, 2023), and parents of potential child participants were required to
email a researcher to express their interest in participation. Participants in the group ‘neurotypical adults’ (N = 435; age: M = 29.44, SD = 8.03) were recruited through Prolific Academic (www.prolific.co) as part of a larger online behavioural laterality battery (Parker et al., 2021). Of the 481 participants who took part in the study, 32 were excluded during the data cleaning process (see Table 1 and Data Analysis for further information).
Measures
As part of the study, a series of questionnaires were administered to collect information about the participants to ensure that individual differences could be accounted for. Participants were asked to complete the study and its associated questionnaires and tasks prior to beginning the main chimeric faces task, and were requested to use a desktop or laptop computer for the entirety of the study. For the ‘neurotypical children’ and ‘children with ASD’ groups, parents were asked to complete the questionnaires on behalf of the children and were asked to be present for the tasks, which were completed during a Microsoft Teams call with a researcher.
The study was completed online using the Gorilla Experiment Builder (www.gorilla.sc), a cloud-based tool for collecting data in the behavioural sciences.
Demographic Questionnaire
The demographic questionnaire asked participants their age, gender, length of time in education (in years), language status, two questions assessing handedness (“Which is your dominant hand? / Which hand do you prefer to use for tasks such as writing, cutting, and catching a ball?”) and footedness (“Which foot do you normally use to step up on a ladder/step?”), and two eye dominance tests (Miles, 1929; Porac & Coren, 1976). Participants were also asked whether they had a diagnosis of any developmental disorders, including ASD, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or a language disorder (such as 'developmental language disorder' or 'specific language impairment'). For each diagnosis, participants had the option to answer “Yes”, “No”, or “Prefer not to say”, with the exception of ASD which also had the option to answer “No but I am self-diagnosed”. At this point, participants were sorted into their groups based on age (‘children’: five- to 11-years-old; or ‘adults’: 18- to 50-years-old) and ASD diagnosis (‘with ASD’, or ‘neurotypical’). Adults with a self-diagnosis of ASD were included in the ‘adults with ASD’ group.
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory
The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI; Oldfield, 1971) was administered to provide a scaled score of handedness. Adult participants were asked to score ten daily tasks on a five-point Likert scale based on which hand they preferred to use during each task (“Left hand strongly preferred” = 2, “Left hand preferred” = 1, “No preference” = 0, “Right hand preferred” = 1, or “Right hand strongly preferred” = 2). These tasks included daily activities such as writing, brushing teeth, and opening a box. The EHI was scored by combining the direction and exclusiveness of the hand preference. Two totals were created: one of right-hand preference and one of left-hand preference. The difference was then found by subtracting the left-hand total from the right-hand total. This was then divided by the total score of both hand preference scores and multiplied by 100 (i.e., 100 x (right-hand total – left-hand total) / (right-hand total + left-hand total)). Final EHI scores ranged from -100 to +100, with positive scores indicating right-handedness, and negative scores indicating left-handedness. Child participants were not required to complete the EHI questionnaire.
Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English
A version of the Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English (LexTALE; Lemhöfer & Broersma, 2012) was provided to assess the participants’ level of proficiency in English. Within this, adult participants were shown 60 written stimuli comprised of English words and pseudowords (words that follow the orthographical and phonetic rules of the English language and are pronounceable but are otherwise nonsense words, e.g. ‘proom’) and asked to assess whether each word was an existing English word or not. Scores of the test were collected by averaging the percentages of correct answers for English words and pseudowords, with final scores ranging from 0-100. Child participants were not required to complete the LexTALE task.
Autism-Spectrum Quotient (Short Version)
An abridged version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short; Hoekstra et al., 2011) was used to provide a measure of ASD traits. Participants with ASD were asked to rate 28 statements on a four-point Likert scale based on their level of agreement, with each answer accruing a different number of points (“Definitely agree” = 1, “Slightly agree” = 2, “Slightly disagree” = 3, or “Definitely disagree” = 4). On items in which “Definitely agree” represented a characteristic of ASD, the scoring was reversed. The scores for each question were totalled, with potential scores ranging between 28 (no ASD traits) to 112 (full inclusion of all ASD traits). Scores above 65 indicated ASD traits to a diagnosable degree. Neurotypical participants were not required to complete the AQ-Short questionnaire.
Procedure
Lateralisation for Facial Emotion Processing Task
A chimeric faces task was used to assess lateralisation for facial emotion processing.
Stimuli. The chimeric faces stimuli were created by Dr Michael Burt (Burt & Perrett, 1997) and provided by Parker et al. (2021).
A collection of 16 different facial stimuli were created by merging two photographs of a man’s face depicting one of four emotions (‘happiness’, ‘sadness’, ‘anger’, or ‘disgust’) vertically down the centre of the face and blended at the midline (see Figure 1 for an example). Each emotion was paired either with itself, causing both hemifaces of the facial stimuli to match in emotion (a ‘same face’), or with a differing emotion, causing both hemifaces of the facial stimuli to be different (a ‘chimeric face’). Of the 16 stimuli, 12 were ‘chimeric face’ and four were ‘same face’.
Task. Each trial began with a fixation cross shown for 1000ms, followed by the face stimuli for 400ms. Participants then recorded which emotion they saw most strongly by clicking the corresponding button from a choice of the four emotions (Figure 2). For the children, emoticons were used instead of written words (Oleszkiewicz et al., 2017) (Figure 3). A response triggered the beginning of the next trial, with a time-out duration set at 10400ms after which the next trial was triggered automatically. Response choice and response times were recorded.
The task was split into four blocks of trials with a break between each block. Stimuli were presented in a random order and shown twice in each block, resulting in the participants being shown 32 stimuli per block and a total of 128 within the whole task.
Participants were familiarised with the stimuli at the start of the task, with the ‘same face’ stimuli being shown alongside a label explaining which emotion was being presented, to ensure they could recognise the emotions. A practice block was given at the start of the task to ensure participants knew how to complete the task, using the emotions ‘surprise’ and ‘fear’.
Additional Measures
As data collection also included tasks for other studies, participants were also asked to complete a version of the Empathy Quotient – short (Wakabayashi et al., 2006), and undertake a dichotic listening task and its associated device checks (Parker et al., 2021). As these items were not part of the main study, participants were asked to complete these following the completion of the main study and its associated questionnaires and tasks, to ensure any findings from the study were not due to the additional measures.
Laterality Index
A laterality index (LI) for each participant was calculated using the same method as Parker et al. (2021) by finding the difference between the number of times the participant chose the right-hemiface emotion and the left-hemiface emotion. This was then divided by the total number of times they chose either the right- or left-hemiface emotion, and multiplied by 100 (i.e., 100 x (right hemiface – left hemiface) / (right hemiface + left hemiface)). Scores ranged between -100 and +100, with a negative LI indicating a left-hemiface bias, and thus, a right-hemispheric dominance, and a positive LI showing the opposite.
Data Analysis
Participants who scored less than 80 on the LexTALE task were removed as it was deemed their understanding of the English language was not strong enough and may cause issues with understanding the instructions (Parker et al., 2021). Furthermore, all trials with a response time faster than 200ms were removed as it was suggested that responses at this speed were too quick to have been based on the processing of the stimuli (Parker et al., 2021). In addition to this, outlier response times for each participant were removed using Hoaglin & Iglewicz's (1987) procedure. Within this, outliers were any response times 1.65 times the difference between the first and third quartiles, below the first quartile or above the third (e.g., below Q1 – (1.65 x (Q3-Q1)), and above Q3 + (1.65 x (Q3-Q1))). Following the removal of all outlying trials, any participant with less than 80% of trials remaining were removed. In addition to this, participants who scored less than 75% on ‘same face’ trials (trials in which both hemifaces depicted the same emotion) were noted, because emotion processing is an area of difficulty for individuals with ASD. Within this, three participants in the ‘children with ASD’ group (60%), three participants in the 'neurotypical children’ group (27.27%), four participants in the ‘adults with ASD group (13.33%), and 30 participants in the ‘neurotypical adults’ group (7.41%) scored less than 75% on ‘same face’ trials, suggesting they had difficulties identifying the emotions.
To address the hypotheses, a linear model was performed using LI as the outcome and group (‘ASD’ or ‘neurotypical’), age (‘adult’ or ‘child’) and emotion (‘happy’ and ‘angry’, or ‘sad’ and ‘disgust’) as the predictors, including interactions between each predictor (Group x Age; Group x Emotion; Age x Emotion; and a three-way interaction, Group x Age x Emotion).
Publisher
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Lancaster University
Format
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.csv
Identifier
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Crossley2023
Contributor
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Alexandra Haslam
Alexis McGuire
xue guo
Rights
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Open
Relation
A related resource
None
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Data
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Margriet Groen
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSC
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Developmental, Neuropsychology
Sample Size
481 participants with native level English proficiency, 164 Male, 240 female and 1 other.
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Linear Mixed Effects Modelling and T-Test
-
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/b8f75dc1e1ab0f20a5a61b57fddeba52.doc
4d757be9d7867a128bce4cbedd7dbab9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interviews
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Can We Reduce Childhood Obesity in the Community? A qualitative Perspective that Discusses the Barriers and Strategies to Childhood Obesity within Miles Platting and Newton Heath.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Charlotte Graham
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2023
Description
An account of the resource
Childhood obesity (CO), which can have long-term negative health issues, has increased dramatically over the last thirty years. Given this, NHS Manchester has commissioned this study, with a particular focus on the Manchester boroughs of Miles Platting and Newton Heath, due to the high rates of CO in those areas, to explore the relevant dynamics involved, understand the barriers to healthier eating/lifestyles and derive strategies to combat CO. A semi-structured interview style was utilised, with healthcare professionals. Within these interviews, the healthcare professionals commented on their experiences of CO within their job roles and what they believe to be the barriers for parents to be for CO. Their thoughts based on parents' experience with CO were formed due to working with parents and discussing these barriers with them. It was found that a child's home life massively impacts the likelihood of a child's obesity, with parental education, motivations and poverty playing significant roles, along with a parent’s lack of skills, knowledge, money, and time. Based on these factors, strategies are discussed that have been successful or unsuccessful previously, as well as ideas for future strategies. Based on these findings, it is suggested that collaboration between the different services offered within the Manchester area offers scope for improvement, while strategies to help reduce CO need to focus on a ‘show and tell’ aspect whereby individuals receive immediate support, such as having access to healthy food, while gaining the practical skills to help them create a sustainable change, such as learning how to cook or budget. These strategies are discussed about the general community and specific goals for NHS Manchester to increase the likelihood of healthier lifestyles being adopted.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Childhood Obesity. Poverty. Education. Barriers. Strategies. Recommendations.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Sample
Nine people participated in the current study. Each of these participants were healthcare professionals over the age of 18. The term ‘healthcare professionals’ was a broad term for anyone in a professional capacity who dealt with CO in their job role. The initial participants were recruited from the contacts of the NHS Manchester Local Care Organisation, and then a snowball sample from these initial participants. The job roles presented in this sample included a business manager for a school, a school meal supervisor, a GP nurse, a bursary manager, and an array of service workers for the local community in different services, such as the Healthy Weight Team in Manchester. Each participant worked within Manchester, specifically Miles Platting and Newton Heath.
Design and Materials
Ethics
Data collected in this qualitative study was reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Science and Technology Ethics Committee at Lancaster University (see Appendix A). All the participants were provided with information about this study and knew their ethical rights, such as the right to withdraw, confidentiality, and data protection.
Procedure
The initial participants were introduced to the researcher via email by a Manchester Local Care Communication member. Once this introduction had taken place, communication about the research and the arrangement of the interviews were discussed between the researcher and the participant through email. After completing their interview, these participants introduced the researcher to their other contacts through email (snowball sample). Email was the primary contact method for each participant and the recruitment process.
Each interview was an online semi-structured interview, lasting between 30-60 minutes. The online software used was Microsoft Teams, which facilitated the discussion, recorded it and created a transcript. Due to the limitations of the software, the audio and visual information of the Microsoft Teams Meeting would be recorded. Therefore, the participants were informed of this limitation before the recording and asked if they would like to turn their cameras off. While the interview was ongoing, a discussion guide and prompts for further elaboration on their answers were used.
Footnote
The initial methodology planned to include interviews with parents who had children at a primary school age. However, the logistics, timing and lack of engagement made this impossible, meaning no parents were included in the sample. Due to this, a parental perspective from the viewpoint of healthcare professionals was asked in the interviews. The viewpoint was informative due to these healthcare professionals' interactions with the parents, which provided insight into parents' thoughts about CO. However, this is from a secondary source, so an element of accuracy needed to be considered.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
Format
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Text/Word doc.
Identifier
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Graham2023
Contributor
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Georgie Comerford
Katy Nichol
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Open
Relation
A related resource
None.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Leslie Hallam
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Marketing, Developmental, Social.
Sample Size
9
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Qualitative (Thematic Analysis)
-
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/59b8e43067d35e93f5ee81d15c7a4b64.doc
dd3a76eadafef3ed40d8695df9cd80d9
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/c4922da9b1039eb0f71b063458d30d9a.doc
d3b28f1f9a54f497a67f37cd73e2b66c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Behavioural observations
Description
An account of the resource
Project focusing on observation of behaviours.
Includes infant habituation studies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Third Parties and Police Use of Lethal Force: Evidence from the Mapping Police Violence Database
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sian Reid
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
6th September 2023
Description
An account of the resource
Over recent years media coverage has highlighted the use of excessive force by some police officers. The use of lethal force towards black and other ethnic minority citizens has been identified as a cause for significant concern. Research in the bystander literature and in non-fatal force policing contexts has identified that third parties can have positive impacts in reducing the severity of these incidences. The role of third parties in fatal force events, however, has not been investigated. This is something which the current study seeks to address. The Mapping Police Violence database was used to identify a year’s worth of lethal force events in the US. Newspaper articles relating to these incidents have been coded in line with a predefined coding framework to examine the presence of third parties in these incidents, and the nature of any social relationships with third parties in relation to the type of lethal force utilised. The results revealed that third parties were present in just under half of incidences and that the presence of a third-party with a pre-existing social relationship to the citizen was associated with a lower likelihood of officers utilising forms of ‘less lethal’ force to the extent that it results in a citizen fatality. These findings highlight the potential importance of third parties in understanding the nature of lethal police citizen interactions, and also the potential protective role the presence of known others may have in reducing the likelihood of officers excessively utilising forms of less lethal force.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Lethal force, Third Parties, Police Citizen Interactions, Use of Force
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
A secondary data analysis was utilised to examine the presence of third parties in incidences of police use of lethal force. The Mapping Police Violence database (Mapping Police Violence, 2020) was the primary dataset utilised for the study. This is a freely available and open public database compiled by researchers in the US which aims to provide a record of all police involved deaths in the US. This database has been recording police involved deaths in the US since 2013, primarily gathering information through news articles published by various American news outlets. The type of force engaged in by officers that resulted in death was utilised as the outcome variable. The predictor variables were the presence of third parties, the presence of any known third parties, or unknown third parties, the number of officers present, the presence of other emergency services, the location of the incident, the race of the citizen, the gender of the citizen, the alleged presence of a weapon, the initial reason for the encounter, the presence of any digital technology capturing the event and the level of threat posed to the officer.
The Mapping Police Violence database records multiple variables in relation to these incidences, including individual and situational factors. Several of the predictor variables included in the current study have been gathered from this dataset; specifically, the type of lethal force used, the alleged presence of a weapon, the race of the citizen, the gender of the citizen, the level of threat posed to the officer, the initial encounter reason and the presence of a body worn camera. Within the current study, most of these variables have been used as recorded in the dataset, however, the level of threat posed to the officer has been recategorized. The multiple different levels of threat recorded in the dataset have been regrouped into three categories: attack (indicating the greatest level of threat to the officer), other (referring to any other level of threat), and none (for incidences in which it was clear there was no threat to the officer). In the original data only the presence of a body worn camera is recorded. For the current study this variable has been transformed to include the presence of any digital technology capturing the event, such as CCTV or smartphones, as research has found that the presence of any digital technology and not only a body camera can affect police citizen interactions (Shane et al., 2017).
The Mapping Police Violence database records the citizen’s cause of death in relation to the type of force utilised. In incidences where multiple types of force have been identified as contributing to the citizen’s death, the database records a list of all types of force involved. The types of force included in the database include gun, taser, pepper spray, baton and physical restraint. For the current study, these types of force have been grouped, to provide an outcome variable with fewer levels. The grouping of the outcome variable has been done in line with previous research looking at police use of force, which identified a gun as a distinct type of force due to the increased risk of lethal outcomes. The other types of force are grouped into a second category of other types of ‘less lethal’ force, as these types of force have been identified as alternatives to the use of a gun, which would be expected to reduce the likelihood of a citizen fatality (Sheppard & Welsh, 2022). In incidences where multiple types of force were used, the most severe form of force has been recorded; for example, if the cause of death is attributed to a gun and a taser, then this incident would be recorded as a gun as the type of lethal force utilised.
The dataset contains links to the news articles which have been used to gather information regarding each of the individual police involved death incidences. The variables included in the current study relating to the presence of others were gathered by coding these news articles which are linked in the database to the individual incidences of police involved deaths between 6th March 2022 – 6th March 2023, providing a sample of 1,257 police involved deaths. News articles are a source of information which have been identified as having certain limitations, particularly relating to potential media bias in the reporting of crime related stories (Lawrence, 2000). Research looking at the reporting of police use of force incidences by newspapers, however, has found that for many factors there was consistency between news reports and police reports of the same incidents (Ready et al., 2008). For the current study, news articles are utilised due to the promise they provide in allowing the events of police involved deaths to be examined in relation to the presence of third parties.
To identify the relevant incidences for the current study, three primary exclusion criteria were applied prior to the coding of the news articles. Firstly, to identify incidences with news articles with sufficient information to allow the presence of third parties to be examined, a minimum word count of 150 words was required in at least one of the associated news articles. Secondly, as the study’s primary interest was in the use of lethal force, which involves an on-duty officer using force, only incidences relating to on duty officers were included. Finally, incidences in which the use of force by the officer was accidental, such as car crashes that police officers were involved in, were excluded, as these events have different characteristics to those in which officers intentionally engage in the use of force towards a citizen. The application of these exclusion criteria left a sample of 1052 incidences of police use of lethal force.
To investigate the presence of others in these incidences, prior to the analysis a predefined behavioural coding scheme (Philpot et al., 2019) was created and applied to the news articles to capture the presence of third parties. This coding scheme contained 12 individual items capturing the presence of third parties and any social ties between third parties and the citizen involved in the incident (See Appendix A for the full coding scheme). Two additional items were included to capture the presence of multiple officers or other emergency services. One code regarding the location of the incident was also included to capture whether it occurred in a public, semi-public or private location. Each of the items were coded for presence with a 1, their absence recorded with a 0, or if it was not clear whether this item was present a 99 was recorded. In total 15 codes were included in this behavioural coding scheme. Here are some examples of these codes relating to the presence of third parties:
“The presence of a third-party with a pre-existing social connection to the primary citizen involved”
“The presence of more than one officer”
“The presence of a third-party with no pre-existing social connection to the primary citizen involved”
To facilitate the process of coding the news articles in line with the coding scheme, a Qualtrics survey (https://www.qualtrics.com) was created. This survey presented the individual items within the coding framework in a questionnaire format, allowing the items to be coded in the format of closed ended responses to questions relating to the presence of third parties. The responses from the survey were then transferred to an Excel document to allow the data to be prepared for analysis.
Ethical approval has been obtained for this study. The study has been reviewed and approved by a member of the Lancaster University Psychology Department, the ethics partner of the supervisors.
The reliability of the coding scheme and its application to the news articles was assessed through the double coding of 10% of the sample by a second researcher separately to the primary researcher. To assess the level of agreement between the two researchers for each variable, Gwet’s AC1 (Gwets, 2014) coefficient was calculated. In line with the recommendations of Landis and Koch (1977), the resulting coefficients were interpreted in the following way: a value of 0.4 or above indicating moderate agreement, a value of 0.6 or above indicating substantial agreement, and finally a value of 0.8 or above, indicating almost perfect agreement between raters’ scores. For 13 of the variables an agreement level of substantial or almost perfect was reached, as seen in table 1 (appendix B). For the variable relating to the third-party being a friend of the citizen there was no variation in responses (i.e., 100% agreement), and therefore a coefficient could not be calculated. For the location variable, only a moderate level of agreement was found, as a result this variable was excluded for the purpose of analysis.
Figure 1 depicts a flowchart of the process undertaken to sample the relevant incidences. The first part of the flowchart shows the initial process that was undertaken to identify all police involved deaths recorded in the Mapping Police Violence database in the prior 12 months. Following the initial data collection procedure descriptive statistics were run which highlighted that in the initial sample of 1052 incidences there was very limited variation in the outcome variable of the type of lethal force utilised by officers, with 990 incidences involving a gun as the primary cause of death, and only 62 incidences involving other forms of force. In this initial sample a citizen’s cause of death not involving a gun would statistically be considered a rare event, which would have presented challenges in utilising this variable as the outcome in any subsequent analyses. In line with the recommendations of research (Shaer et al., 2019), an oversampling approach was chosen to overcome the limitations of having a rare event in the outcome variable, with further incidences in the dataset that did not involve a gun as the cause of death being oversampled so at least 10% of the sample involved a cause of death other than a gun. As can be seen in figure 1, for these incidences to be as similar to the primary sample as possible, they were only sampled for the three preceding years to limit any additional sample variation that may have been introduced by sampling a wider date range. This led to the identification of a further 182 incidences where the citizen’s cause of death did not involve a gun. The same exclusion criteria were then applied to this sample, with a further 65 incidences excluded, leaving a sample of 117 additional incidences which were coded in line with the same procedure as the initial sample. This oversampling procedure led to a final sample of 1169 incidences.
The data analysis involved chi square tests of independence, to examine whether the presence of others during fatal police citizen interactions had a statistically significant relationship with the outcome variable of the type of lethal force utilised by officers. Due to the exploratory nature of the study there was not a predicted direction or nature of the relationship between the predictor variables relating to third-party presence and the type of fatal force utilised by officers (McIntosh, 2017). Prior to the main analyses, descriptive statistics were run to investigate distributions within variables and to allow any rare event variables to be identified.
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Lancaster University
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Data/Excel.csv
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Reid2023
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John Oyewole
Michelle Kan
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Open
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None
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English
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Data
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LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
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Supervisor
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Dr Mark Levine
Dr Richard Philpot
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Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Social Psychology
Sample Size
1169 incidents
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Pearson's Chi Square
Chi Square Goodness of Fit
-
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Questionnaire-based study
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An analysis of self-report data from the administration of questionnaires(s)
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Inner Speech and Grit: Do Positive Inner Speech and Evaluative Inner Speech Lead to Grit Behaviour
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Huzaifah Adam
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2023
Description
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Grit, defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, is a reliable predictor of success metrics, surpassing even IQ. While the exploration of grit has been conducted extensively, studies on the mechanisms of grit are still lacking. Inner speech, the silent production of words in one’s mind, plays a pivotal role in managing thoughts. This includes cognitive reframing, which is essential for enhancing perseverance. Theoretically, inner speech can predict grit. This study, employing a survey and experimental design, aims to investigate whether positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech can predict grit behaviour. The data for this study (n=56) were collected in two ways: (1) using the grit scale and inner speech VISQ-R via a Qualtrics survey, and (2) using participants’ task retention decisions and a qualitative classification approach. The data were analysed using R Studio. The survey data were analysed via a linear model, while the qualitative data were analysed using a generalised linear mixed-effects model. The survey results showed that only evaluative inner speech can positively predict grit. However, there were imbalanced results regarding the participants’ task retention decisions. Collectively, these findings underscore that grit can be predicted by evaluative inner speech. This prompts further research to explore its multifaceted role in shaping grit across various domains.
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Inner speech, grit, articulatory suppression
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This study applied a mixed-method and correlational research design that aims to examine whether evaluative inner speech and positive inner speech lead to grit behaviour. The data for this study were collected using two methods: (1) questionnaires through a Qualtrics survey, and (2) an experimental task where the participants were asked to complete two sets of puzzles under different conditions (baseline and with articulatory suppression) and provide their retrospective experience after each puzzle task. Participants’ task retention decisions (decision to quit) were also recorded in the study. Three different analyses were applied in the research. For the first analysis, the positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech scores from VISQ-R acted as the predictors, and grit from the Short Grit Scale as the outcome. For the second analysis, the participant’s grit score acted as the predictor, and the participant’s task retention decision acted as the outcome. Lastly, the third analyses the types of inner speech based on the participant’s retrospective experience (positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech) acted as the predictors, and the participant’s decision to quit or not to quit was the output.
In this study, the participants were students from Lancaster University, ranging from undergraduate degree students to master’s degree students and doctorate students. Participants were recruited using social networks, direct emails, and posters around the campus and/or on social media. The session took approximately 30 minutes for the data collection process, including the briefing, and each participant was reimbursed with five GBP for participating. Ethical approval for this study was submitted and approved by the ethics committees at Lancaster University.
The number of participants involved in the study was 56 people in total. This number was determined by using G power. The test family was set at the t-test because this research will use a comparison between the control approach (baseline) and the experimental approach (with articulatory suppression). The effect size f2 was set at 0.15, while the α-error probability was set to 0.05 (5%) and the power 1−β error of probability at 0.8 (80%), with the number of predictors set at five. In total, 56 participants took part in the study, where the number of male and female participants was 23 (41%) and 33 (59%), respectively, and the number of native English participants in the study was 15 (27%), while non-native speakers were 41(73%).
Demographic Information: The demographic information collected pertained to each
participant’s attributes. This included sex (male, female, non-binary/third gender, and prefer not to say) and English native background (yes or no). Although the study has no biases towards the participant’s native language, the word used in the study ‘aluminium’, a word that is suggested by Gathercole and Baddeley (2014) for the research, may or may not influence the fluidity of pronunciation, making the articulatory suppression more challenging for non-native speakers.
Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaires Revised (VISQ-R): The VISQ-R was developed to link the everyday phenomenology of inner speech, including any psychopathological traits and inner dialogue (Alderson-Day et al., 2018). There are two versions of the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire, where the original one consisted of 18 items and the revised version VISQ-R consisted of 26 items (see Appendix D) that took approximately 5-8 minutes to be completed via a Qualtrics survey. In this study, VISQ-R has been presented as internal experience questions as a dummy to the real name. This is to eliminate any possible biases by the respondents.
Responses from VISQ-R can be subdivided into five dimensions and into seven scales (Not like me at all – Very much like me) for scoring: dialogical, evaluative, condensation, other people, and positive. A higher score in dialogical indicates that the person often uses inner speech to exchange ideas with oneself and vice-versa. A higher evaluative score means that the person often uses inner speech to evaluate their thoughts, actions, and decisions. For condensation, a higher score indicates that a person talks to themselves in a concise or short words manner to encapsulate complex thoughts or ideas. Meanwhile, a higher ‘other people’ score indicates that a person often imagines other people’s voices or opinions when engaging in inner speech. Lastly, a high positive score indicates that the person often uses inner speech to encourage oneself in a supportive and comforting manner. Subscale totals for each dimension were acquired by adding the scores for each subscale and dividing it by the total number of items answered across the respective subscale.
The Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire has been supported for its reliability and validity in measuring inner speech. Racy et al. (2022) have studied the reliability of VISQ-R and compared it to six other instruments relating to inner speech. VISQ-R has moderate to strong concurrent validity with other instruments with self-evaluation showing a strong correlation with other measures. The internal consistencies and reliabilities were excellent (Cronbach’s α > .80) for each of the dimensions with only a positive dimension that is slightly lower with moderate to high test-retest reliability (>.60) (Alderson-Day et al., 2018).
Short Grit Scale (Grit-S): The questionnaire of Grit-S was developed by Angela Duckworth to measure the trait level of perseverance and passion for long-term goals (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009). The Grit-S consisted of eight items of questions (See Appendix D) with four fewer items in comparison to the original version, retaining the factor structure and improving on the psychometric properties. The questionnaire needs an approximation of 3- 5 minutes to be completed in the Qualtrics survey. Similar to VISQ-R, the Grit-S questionnaire has been presented as a personality instead of a grit scale to avoid any possible biases.
There are two dimensions included in the Grit-S for scoring: Consistency of Interest, where a higher scale subscale score indicates that the individual is able to maintain their interest for and focus on their long-term goal, and Perseverance of Effort, where a higher subscale score represents sustained effort towards a long-term goal despite the presence of setbacks (Van Doren et al., 2019). The subscale for the dimension of Consistency of Interest is acquired by adding the scores for all the subscale items (item-1, item-3, item-5, and item-6), while for Perseverance of Effort (item-2, item-4, item-7, and item-8). There are a few items that have been coded inversely and have been recoded before running the analysis.
Several research studies have confirmed the validity and reliability of the Short-Grit Scale Instrument. Eskreis-Winkler et al. (2014) conducted a study involving predicting retention in the military where the grit instrument was used to measure the grit level of cadets. The instrument has been proven to be reliable as grittier soldiers were more likely to complete the Army Special Operation Forces (ARSOF), likely to get a job, and likely to stay married. In a more recent study by Priyohadi et al. (2019), the Grit-S again proved its validity and consistency. The internal consistencies between items in a dimension were moderate to high (>.60) for both persistence of effort and consistency of interest and have high consistencies between studies.
Active Task: The jigsaw puzzle was used as the active task for this research. Two jigsaw puzzles from Livewire Puzzles were predetermined by the website as expert-level with 70 puzzle pieces (10 X 7) with an 8-minute time limitation. The puzzle can be accessed through the games.puzzle.ca website. The puzzles have been created by Arkadium, a company that is well-recognised in making online games. New puzzles have been uploaded daily, but to avoid any possible advantage or disadvantage, the puzzles used are from the 22nd of June 2023 and 21st of June 2023. Marks will also be provided at the end of each puzzle.
There are two ways of measuring participants’ performance: (1) Quitting - participants were allowed to quit the task at any time during the 8-minute time limit by telling the researcher present that they want to stop, and (2) Puzzle performance - marks will be given at the end of the puzzle (marks will be given even if participants quit halfway) by the source website. The marks will be calculated based on the number of puzzles fixed correctly and then divided by the total number of unfixed puzzles and will be multiplied by the amount of time left in the puzzle. The maximum score of the puzzle is 5,000 and the minimum score is zero. All calculations will be automatically measured by the source website.
The puzzle from Livewire Puzzle has also been used by other studies that focus on measuring grit using an active task. Kalia et al. (2019), similar to this study, used puzzles from Livewire Puzzle as an active task to measure perseverance in participants. Instead of using a jigsaw puzzle, Kalia opted to use sudoku to measure the role of grit and cognitive flexibility 2.4 Procedure
The research took place in one-on-one sessions at the Lancaster University library. Data collection sessions were administered in the following order: demographic information, the first puzzle task, the difficulty level question, the subjective inner speech question, the second puzzle task, the second puzzle difficulty level question, and finally, the second subjective inner speech question. Each participant undertook the puzzle task in both control (baseline) and experimental conditions (with articulatory suppression). The sequence of which puzzle task they had to complete first was decided based on the participant’s subject ID assigned by the researcher. Participants with odd Subject ID numbers were assigned the control puzzle task first, while participants with even Subject ID numbers were assigned the experimental puzzle task first. Before starting the experimental puzzle task, the researcher spent a few minutes helping the participants practice performing the articulatory suppression by saying the word ‘aluminium’ repeatedly at 90 BPM using an online metronome. Throughout the experimental task, if the participants mispronounced the word too obviously or consistently missed or skipped a beat, the researcher aided them by correcting their pronunciation or assisting them to meet the 90 BPM until they matched the rhythm again.
During data collection, the researcher offered participants an opportunity for a break between puzzles if they began to get tired to prevent their answers from being expedited. The participants were also allowed to ask any questions while they were completing the questionnaire to clarify their understanding of the items presented. At the end of each data collection session, the researcher thanked the participants for their participation and answered any questions that they had. The researcher also explained that participants would be emailed a participant debrief sheet and could request a summary of the study’s findings once data analyses had been completed. For participants who were eligible for reimbursement of travel expenses, they were asked to fill out a participant payment form as a receipt of confirmation that they had been paid.
Three different models of analysis were carried out in the study. To measure the first prediction, a linear model was used by entering the positive inner speech and evaluative inner speech scores from the VISQ as the predictors and the grit score from the short grit scale as the output. For the second prediction, a linear model was used with the outcome set at the participant’s decision to quit or not to quit and the predictor set as the interaction between different experimental conditions and grit. To measure the third prediction, a generalised linear mixed-effect model was explored by entering the interaction of different experimental conditions and dimensions of inner speech (evaluative inner speech and positive inner speech) recorded from the participant’s retrospective experience as the predictor and participant’s decision to quit the task as the outcome. In this model, a random effect of differences between the conditions (baseline and with articulatory suppression) in slope and participants in the intercept were also included.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
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The data format is csv.
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Adam2023
Contributor
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Huzaifah Adam
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Open
Language
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English
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Data
Coverage
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LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
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Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Dr. Bo Yao
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Developmental
Sample Size
56 Participants
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Linear Model, Qualitative
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Questionnaire-based study
Description
An account of the resource
An analysis of self-report data from the administration of questionnaires(s)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
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Han-Yi Wang
Date
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03/Sep/2023
Description
An account of the resource
Inner speech is a cognitive function related to language processes. Based on its functions reflecting information processing and memorising, it may link to the purchasing process, which includes searching and evaluating product information. Inner speech may also help people think and imagine using the product in the future during their purchasing process.
This study discussed and investigated the role of inner speech in the purchasing process and how it might affect the decision-making time. This study also mentioned how inner speech may be identified and suppressed. Participants’ data was collected through experiments and several questionnaires. The findings indicated that inner speech might help people in Information Search and Alternative evaluation and affect decision time. The findings also suggested what people may consider and how they use inner speech.
By uncovering the potential relationship between the purchasing process and inner speech, this research provided valuable information for marketing and psychology research fields. It gave companies some suggestions for practical use, reflecting how people may use inner speech during the purchasing process.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Inner speech, memory, decision-making, purchasing behaviour.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This study was approved by ethics committees at Lancaster University. There were no ethical issues for researchers managing the personal information. The participants’ information remained anonymous and were assigned subject ID (P01, P02, P03…, P30 in Experiment 1 and PCT01, PCT02, PCT03…, PCT30 in Experiment 2). All data were stored anonymously with no identifiable information.
Participants were given the Participant Information Sheet (PIS) before participating in the experiments. On the day of testing, they asked any questions they might have, then consented to attend the experiment in person or via online platforms like Microsoft Teams, Zoom, or Google Meet to ensure that the suppression was active when needed. The experiment took approximately 30 minutes, including answering all questionnaires. The experiment was held in the participant’s home or a place where no one spoke so that the participant would not be disturbed by any chance.
Experiment 1
Participants
G*power suggested 52 participants within groups using t-tests and multiple mixed linear regression models, with a .4 effect size and .05 (5%) a-error probability in 80% power (1-b error of probability) (Brysbaert, 2019). Thirty participants were recruited in this experiment with no record or history of neurophysiological disorders, such as dyslexia or aphasia, to ensure that no conditions influence the result and affect the participant to complete the tasks in the experiment. The recruitment process included in-person invitations around campus and social media messages to reach diverse participants.
Although only 30 participants were recruited in this experiment, the results of the t-tests suggest that the effect size (see Experiment 1 result section) may be enough for testing the hypothesis.
Design
This study was an experimental within-subjects design. Participants simulated purchase experience in the suppression task and the control task without interference assigned to them. The independent variables were self-rating agreements on information search and alternative evaluation and participants’ average decision time in the suppression and control tasks. The dependent variables were inner speech frequency in five dimensions measured by the Inner Speech Frequency Questionnaire (VISQ).
Quantitative data were analysed using R to conduct t-tests, GLMM and CLMM. Secondly, qualitative data were collected through questionnaires and categorised into different variables to identify why participants made the decisions and their inner speech content during the purchasing process.
Overall, the experiment aims to investigate how people use inner speech during purchasing and whether Articulate Suppression task and task without interference influenced decision time and agreement score on information search and alternative evaluation.
Materials
Stimuli
Participants viewed six product sets (stimuli), which information was copied from the official website. To prevent participants from focusing on the effect of the products’ brands and prices (Albari & Safitri, 2020), the products in each set were the same brand with similar or the same price, unisex, and recognisable, although these products might not exist or remain the latest information on the market.
Two-item Statement Questions (see Appendix B)
Participants rated the two statements on a seven-point Likert score from strongly disagree to strongly agree (Maity & Dass, 2014) to identify the Information Search and Alternative evaluation agreement level between tasks. Then, participants were asked: “Which product did you choose? Why?” after each purchasing decision.
Variety of Inner Speech Frequency Questionnaire (VISQ, see Appendix C)
The Inner Speech Frequency Questionnaire (Alderson-Day et al., 2018) included twenty questions asking participants to generally rate their inner speech frequency after the mock e-commerce purchasing tasks with a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "Never" to "All the time". Questions 7 and 15 were reversely coded; the value should be reversely calculated when doing analysis.
Experiment 1 Qualitative Questions (ExpQ1, see Appendix D)
After participants finished all the tasks (six decisions), they were asked to answer three questions at the end of the experiment. These questions gathered qualitative data about the participants’ experiences during the mock e-commerce purchasing tasks and what they had in mind.
Procedure
Figure 2 illustrates the diagram of Experiment 1. Participants were invited and consented to join the research to do Suppression and Control (without interference) tasks.
Each task contained three product sets; participants were asked to imagine and choose a product for themselves or a friend according to the provided information on the mock e-commerce channel (Maity & Dass, 2014). The screen of the researcher or participants presented the information, including the price and details of the product set. Since these two tasks are counterbalanced and randomly ordered, participants repeated the decision-making process three times in the control task and the other three in the suppression task. After each decision, participants answered the two-statement questionnaire and explained which products they chose and why they chose them. According to different tasks, they started with the control task by themselves. However, they were asked to practise counting out loud from 1 to 4 following 160 bpm metronome sounds until the researcher ensured they remained suppressed before starting the suppression task.
Then, they answered VISQ, which measured their inner speech frequency and qualitative questionnaires (ExpQ1) to understand how they used inner speech when viewing the products in the last part of the study.
Analysis
R was used to analyse the quantitative data to identify the task differences via t-tests and the relationship between variables in two tasks via Generalised Linear Mixed Effect Models (GLMM) and Cumulative Link Mixed Model (CLMM). When conducting the GLMM with family gamma, the quantitative data will follow the standard procedure of data trimming and keep the trimmed data within 5% or 2.5 standard deviations (Berger & Kiefer, 2021).
The qualitative coding scheme (See Appendix F) was created to identify what participants considered and what they said to themselves using inner speech during the experiment. The coding process involved re-reading the data to identify and assign relevant contexts to the appropriate categories. For example, if participants mention that they have used the product before, the value of the variable “Memory” increases by one unit. These variables were then calculated to identify what factors influenced participants’ purchasing decision-making more. Following the same coding scheme, what kind of inner speech was used when viewing the products could also be found. For example, people may ask themselves questions or repeat the product in mind.
In summary, Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed to report the results for different purposes and test the hypothesis in this research.
Figure 2
The Diagram of Experiment 1 Procedure
Note: Participants were required to do suppression and control tasks, the order was randomised and counterbalanced. The products presented during the tasks were also randomised.
Experiment Optimising
The task without interference in Experiment 1 may not be a reasonable control task since it might include the secretary task effect, as participants were asked to do both tasks and be influenced after they did the suppression task when they were doing the control task.
As a secretary task, the finger-tapping task, which has been used in inner speech experiments, could be the better control task in Experiment 2 (Emerson & Miyake, 2003; Wallace et al., 2009). Although Finger-tapping might influence working memory’s function and influence people to memorise (Armson et al., 2019; Kane & Engle, 2000; Moscovitch, 1994; Rose et al., 2009), Rogalsky et al. (2008) also mentioned that the performance of people’s understanding of complex sentences might decrease but not as much as suppression occur.
Therefore, doing the second experiment was motivated to replicate the results with a better control condition involving Finger-tapping.
Experiment 2
Participants
Based on the findings of Experiment 1, another 30 participants were recruited with the duplicate requirements as the first experiment. The recruitment requirement and process were the same as in the previous experiment.
Design
The independent variables were similar to Experiment 1, while the only difference was that the control task here had been changed into the Finger-tapping task. The goal of the whole design is to replicate the results of Experiment 1 to investigate the role of inner speech in the purchasing process.
Materials
Experiment 2 applied the same materials used in Experiment 1. The only difference was the qualitative questions after tasks. In Experiment 1, participants answered “Experiment 1 Qualitative Questions” at the end of the experiment. However, to better understand the difference between tasks, they were asked to answer a similar questionnaire (see below) after each task to discover the inner speech used in the two tasks.
Experiment 2 Qualitative Questions (ExpQ2, see Appendix E)
Participants were asked to answer three questions about their experiences during the mock e-commerce purchasing tasks and what they had in mind for the Suppression and Finger-tapping tasks separately.
Procedure
The procedure was the same as the first experiment, except for adjusting the control task and the order of the qualitative questionnaire (ExpQ2). Figure 3 illustrates that participants were invited to the experiment using the same stimuli, similar questionnaires, and the same method of presenting stimuli (participants joined in person or via online platforms) with Suppression and Finger-tapping tasks. Participants were asked to practice counting 1,2,3,4 out loud or tapping their index, middle, ring, and little fingers in order (see which task came first) following metronome beats at 160 bpm before the researchers decided to move on. They were asked to view the product set by imagining choosing one for a friend or themselves three times in each task. Participants answered two statements and answered what product was chosen and why after each decision they made. Then, they were asked to answer three Qualitative questions (Appendix E) after each task. They repeated another task in the same process afterwards with a 2-minute break between tasks. After they finished the Finger-tapping and Suppression tasks, they answered VISQ questions at the end of the experiment.
Analysis
R was also used to analyse the quantitative data for the same purposes and followed the same data-trimming procedure if needed. The same coding scheme was followed to generate the result that could replicate and optimise the clarity of the Experiment 1 results. Overall, the second experiment is to generate the same or more evident results as Experiment 1 and to find more valuable information for the different inner speech used between tasks.
In conclusion, these two experiments and the analysis might give this research a deeper understanding of inner speech and its role and provide more precise information on how inner speech may related to the purchasing process.
Figure 3
The Diagram of Experiment 2 Procedure
Note: Participants were required to do suppression and control tasks, the order was randomised and counterbalanced. The products presented during the tasks were also randomised.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
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The data format is csv.
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Wang03092023
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Han-Yi Wang
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Open (unless stated otherwise)
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None (unless stated otherwise)
Language
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English
Type
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Data or text
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LA1 4YF
Title
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Inner Speech and Its Role in Purchasing Decision-Making Process: Analysis of Within-Subjects Experiment and Questionnaires
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Dr. Bo, Yao
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Cognitive
Cognitive - developmental
Marketing
Sample Size
60 participants, 30 in the Experiment 1 and 30 in the Experiment 2.
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Quantitative- t-tests, GLMM, CLMM
Qualitative-Thematic
-
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/e32fd4b78a04d80fbd7ab6a2265e4e18.doc
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https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/9afa665c5da6819a6abbbd58e667a644.doc
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https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/f30fb576987e0b467d3513fc694e2664.doc
d3124e1b6d8b9a680f5536ce571b8ff8
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/c64d5e32836a09411d6c54f360aa5150.zip
f935452bb7362ea34c7bdbf534f2ae95
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/74c9cface8f2b419890e4a59d9efcb50.txt
2ac6d69af18034d15f184bd0296aca8e
https://www.johnntowse.com/LUSTRE/files/original/e5da75832ace5a7b42ae41c6efb607d0.zip
de3e38ff5089cfbc98b74521d27b8b28
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Interviews
Dataset
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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An exploration of the psychological mechanism and effectiveness behind the co-creation process in advertising, based on the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ method.
Creator
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Maria Gabriela Vivero Donoso
Date
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06/09/2022
Description
An account of the resource
Scholars have referred to co-creation as the interaction between firms and stakeholders to create value. Co-creation for product innovation and campaign delivery is a growing trend in today’s competitive market due to a demand for consumer-centric communication and product development strategies. Even when traditional research techniques are relevant for evaluating brand messaging, they are considered backwards looking. Traditional research techniques (e.g., interviews, questionnaires, focus groups) rely on companies’ terms rather than the customer’s domain, limiting stakeholders to only react to market offers instead of cooperating to build them. The application of co-creation techniques does not replace reactive research but is the new next step to building brand and campaign strategies.
The Sharp Agency developed ‘Co-create by Sharp’, a co-creation methodology that aims to build campaign and brand strategies with a higher value of insight than other approaches. According to The Sharp Agency, their unique approach to co-creating ideas with stakeholders has demonstrated effectiveness in their clients’ performance (i.e., 400% of revenue increase, 33% growth speed, and 19% spending increase). However, the method lacks information that supports its efficacy, more specifically, an exploration of the perceptions of people involved in their co-creation methodology (i.e., co-creation participants, Sharp team members, and Sharp’s commissioning clients).
This report aims to identify the presence of plausible psychological theories that could support the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ methodology. Accordingly, this study intends to explore the dynamics, perceived effectiveness, and limitations of the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ methodology through a series of individual interviews with the people involved in the process.
The researcher worked as an intern in the Sharp Agency, and a qualitative experimental design was used to investigate the research objective. Three types of interviews were conducted to understand the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ process from its main perspectives: Co-creation participants, Sharp team members, and Sharp’s commissioning clients.
Findings indicated that the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ method is supported by a specific psychological mechanism explained by Self-Determination and Implicit Self-esteem theories. Based on these theories, interviewees’ perceptions of co-creation suggest that the
‘Co-create by Sharp’ methodology generates participant engagement in brand co-creation. According to the literature reviewed, participant engagement increases the level of insight in co-creation outcomes. As a result, this report has determined that the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ methodology produces a chain of benefits that begins with psychological benefits and brand-self connection, resulting in higher campaign delivery effectiveness.
In conclusion, the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ methodology appears to be supported by a psychological mechanism that motivates participants to co-create in developing campaign strategies and brand building. Moreover, co-creating with stakeholders as a next step to gathering data with market research techniques could increase customer value in campaign delivery.
Subject
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Keywords:
Co-creation, advertising, psychology, behaviour
Source
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The researcher worked as an intern in the Sharp Agency to better understand the company’s way of work and the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ method. The internship allowed the researcher to be involved in various steps of the co-creation method:
1) Attend co-create sessions and observe participant behaviour (see Appendix K and Appendix L).
2) Develop post-co-create decks of information, including sessions’ outputs.
3) Participate in strategic brainstorming sessions.
4) Collate evidence of the final results of messaging and visuals for campaign delivery.
A qualitative experimental design was used to investigate the research objectives and provide answers to research questions. Three types of interviews were conducted with different participant profiles, including co-creation participants, Sharp team members and Sharp clients. Interview sessions lasted between twenty and thirty minutes, using a pre-determined discussion guide for each interview and received ethical approval. Interviews were designed to gather insights about co-creation perceptions from every person involved in the process.
A qualitative design allowed interviewees to express freely their co-creation experience with The Sharp Agency. Considering the research aimed to explore people’s attitudes, it would not have been appropriate to use a quantitative method. Instead, a qualitative design allowed for gathering a spectrum of people’s observations and feedback.
Sampling
Representative sampling was used to obtain results that reflect each participant’s profile perspective. Interviewing involved five participants from the latest co-creation sessions moderated by Sharp, seven Sharp team members with roles involved in different stages of the co-creation process (including founders of the ‘Co-create by Sharp’ method), and three company commissioning clients that represent market leader companies (i.e., Medical Protection Service, Barbour ABI, and Lonza).
Considering that Medical Protection Service (MPS) and Lonza are part of the healthcare industry and Barbour ABI provides data and intelligence to the construction industry, these companies manage technical language and require higher accuracy of message delivery. (Ekiyor & Altan, 2021; Mokhtariani et al., 2017).
This project received ethical approval under the auspices of the Lancaster University Psychology Department (see Appendix M). Participants gave informed consent using a consent form sent and signed via e-mail (see Appendix B). Participants were additionally provided with a debrief sheet, including contact details, should they have further questions (see Appendix C).
Materials
Interviews were regulated using three discussion guides (see Appendix E, Appendix F, and Appendix G). These were devised based on the objectives of the investigation set collectively with Sharp. Each discussion guide responded to a specific question based on participants’ profiles (co-creation participants, Sharp team members, and commissioning clients. Participants were encouraged to elaborate on their answers as much as possible. When conducted virtually, interviews were recorded using the current version of Microsoft Teams, and in person, interviews were recorded using Apple’s Voice Memo app.
Research Procedure
Participants were introduced to the researcher by The Sharp Agency and invited to participate in a scheduled interview via Microsoft Teams or in Sharp’s headquarters in the case of Sharp team member participants. The interviewer followed a discussion guide that began with questions that allowed participants to introduce themselves and warm up to the conversation. It concluded with questions that aimed to obtain the most robust responses. For further analysis purposes, interviews were transcribed using the Otter.ai software.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
Format
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Word.doc
Identifier
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Donoso2022
Contributor
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Madie Lulek
Rights
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Open
Relation
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None
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
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Qualitative Data
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
LA1 4YF
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Leslie Hallam
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
Masters
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Marketing
Sample Size
3 commissioning clients, 5 co-creation participants, and 7 Sharp team members
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
Qualitative (Thematic Analysis)
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Implicit Hand Representations in Typical Ageing and in Parkinson's Disease
Creator
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Cati Oates
Date
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16 September 2022
Description
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Having an internal representation of one’s own body is important for many interactions with the environment, and in making decisions about what actions we are capable of performing. However, even in healthy adults, these representations are known to be distorted. In the hand specifically, individuals are likely to underestimate the length of all fingers, but overestimate the distance between each adjacent pair of knuckles. Both healthy ageing and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) include apsects which are known to further distort body representations, including, but not limited to, diminished tactile sensitivity and impaired action capabilities. This study was designed to investigate the accuracy of hand representations in typical ageing and in PD. Fourteen participants with mild to moderate PD, 17 healthy age-matched controls and 20 younger controls made estimates about the location of hand landmarks when the hand was hidden from view. Estimations were compared with actual hand size. Older controls and individuals with PD both demonstrated more accurate representations of thumb length, and of distance between the index and middle knuckles than younger controls, with older controls also showing differences in their perception of distance between thumb and index knuckles. However, no differences were found between the PD group and older controls, suggesting that the formation of body representations is an ability which is preserved in PD. Possible explanations for, and implications of these results are discussed.
Subject
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LUSTRE, aquisition form, wordpress
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Participants To determine the number of participants necessary, a priori power analysis was conducted in G*Power (Faul et al., 2009), using α= 0.05, β= .08 and effect size = 0.32. This effect size was calculated from Longo (2014), which employed a similar methodology. The analysis determined that 10 participants in each condition were required to yield sufficient power. Previous studies using this methodology have included sample sizes ranging from 12-22 participants (Longo & Haggard, 2010, 2012; Peviani & Bottani, 2020). The intended sample size, therefore, was 20 participants per condition. Due to the time constraints of the study, this number was not reached for all conditions, but all conditions included more than the 10 participants needed as suggested by the priori analysis. 20 younger controls were tested (15 female). Their ages ranged from 19 to 30 (M = 22.40 yrs, SD = 2.21 yrs). 17 were right-handed, and 3 were left-handed, with handedness ranging from -89.5 to 100 (M = 64.52, SD = 61.84) on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI; Oldfield, 1971). 17 healthy older controls were tested (11 female). Their ages ranged from 52 to 79 (M = 66.12 yrs, SD = 9.16 yrs). 14 were right-handed, and 3 were left-handed, with handedness scores ranging from -100 to 100 (M = 65.29, SD = 77.31). 14 individuals with PD were tested (4 female). Their ages ranged from 54 to 78 (M = 65.93 yrs, SD = 8.43 yrs). All PD participants were right-handed, with handedness scores ranging from 33.5 to 100 (M = 88.31, SD = 21.20). There was no significant difference between the ages of the participants in the typically ageing and the PD condition, t(29) = 0.06, p = .95. For the PD participants, the most recent onset of PD was 3 years ago, with the longest diagnosis of 20 years (M = 7.75 yrs, SD = 4.81 yrs). All presented with a Hoehn and Yahr Stage of 3 or below. This indicated that all participants were physically independent. All participants had been prescribed antiparkinsonian medication, and they were all tested under their normal medication regime. Younger controls were recruited through use of social media and personal connections of the researcher. PD participants were recruited through a Parkinson’s Research Interest Database which was developed by the researcher’s supervisor (Dr Megan Readman), and by contacting a local branch of Parkinson’s UK. Older controls were primarily friends and family of PD participants. Materials 24 hours before testing, participants were asked to submit demographic information in a questionnaire created using the design software Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT). Participants’ hand movements were recorded by an Xbox Kinect camera, mounted on the ceiling directly above the hand. The camera had a resolution of 640x480 pixels, and a frame rate of 30 captures per second. The recording was made using the Kinect Studio application. Within the frame of the recording, a 30cm ruler was placed, to allow for conversion of pixels to centimetres during analysis. During the experiment, the board used to hide the participants’ hands from view was a piece of black cardboard, approximately 85x60cm. The board was 2mm thick and completely opaque. The board was positioned approximately 10cm above the hand, and was supported in this position by 5 cylindrical weights (one under each corner of the board, and one placed centrally). At each side of the board was a small mark of duct tape. This was to indicate where the participants should point between each trial. A mark was placed on each side of the board, as the handedness of the participant determined which hand they used during testing, and therefore determined which side of the board was easier to point to. Participants were asked to point using a red straw, approximately 10cm long. All participants completed the EHI (Oldfield, 1971). This includes a list of tasks (for example, writing or striking a match), for which the participant must indicate which hand they prefer to use. The response options include a strong or slight preference for the right or left hand, or no preference. A score of 100 indicates pure right-handedness, while a score of 100 indicates pure left-handedness. Participants in all conditions were screened for cognitive impairments using the Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination (ACE-III; Hodges & Larner, 2017). This assessment included 19 tasks which examine cognitive function on 5 separate domains; attention (e.g. ‘count down from 100 in 7’s’), memory (e.g. ‘remember this name and address’), fluency (e.g. ‘name as many animals as you can in one minute’), language (e.g. ‘write two full sentences’) and visuospatial reasoning (e.g. ‘draw a clock which reads 10 past 5). Typically, a score of less than 87 out of 100 would be considered abnormal, however, as some aspects of the ACE-III require participants to perform motor tasks, it is accepted that the best cut-off score to identify cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s is 80 points (Kaszás et al., 2012). Using this assessment as an exclusion criterion, only 1 PD participant’s data was removed from further analysis. There was no significant difference in the ACE-III scores of the remaining participants between the three conditions, F(2, 48) = 2.10, p = .13. Participants in the PD condition were also assessed using the Movement Disorder Society- Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS; Goetz et al., 2008), to determine the severity of PD symptoms at the time of testing. The UPDRS assesses both the motor and the non-motor symptoms of PD. The non-motor assessment involves questions about the individual’s experience of symptoms during the past week, for example how well they are sleeping, and if they are experiencing tremors regularly. A motor assessment is also conducted, with the participants performing tasks such as opening and closing their hand as quickly as possible, and walking from one side of the room to the other. The researcher was also required to make judgements about the severity of typical PD symptoms such as tremors and rigidity present throughout the examination. All questions and tasks are scored on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 indicating no impairment, and 4 indicating severe impairment. This assessment has previously been validated and determined to be a reliable indicator of the severity of PD symptoms at the time of testing (Gallagher et al., 2012; Martinez-Martin et al., 2013). Testing occurred in the action and perception lab in the Whewell building at Lancaster University. This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Department of Lancaster University. Procedure Participants were emailed an information sheet 24 hours in advance to inform them of the requirements of the study. This email also directed them to a Qualtrics survey, where they were asked to submit their demographic information (age and sex). Here, they also completed the EHI, and were asked to confirm that they had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. On the day of testing, participants were first screened for cognitive impairment using the ACE-III. At this point PD participants also completed the full MDS-UPDRS. After the recording had started, participants were asked to place their dominant hand (as determined by the EHI) on the table in front of them. They were asked to move their chair so that their hand was aligned with the middle of their body. The participants were instructed to not move their hand throughout the experiment, before an occluding board was placed so that the participants could no longer see their hand. They were asked verbally to confirm that this was the case. Participants were given a straw to use as a baton with which to point. They were then directed to use the straw to point on the board, directly above where they believed specific locations of the hand to be. 10 different locations were used: the tips of each finger, and the knuckle where each finger meets the palm of the hand. Small duct tape marks were placed on the knuckles of each finger. This was done both to ensure that the participants were clear about which knuckles were intended, and also so that location of the knuckle would be clearer on the recording. The location for each trial was read aloud by the experimenter. Between each trial, participants were asked to move the straw to point at a duct tape mark on the side of the board. This was to ensure that all estimations were made where participants believed their hand to be, instead of them using alternative methods such as measuring where they believe one location to be based on the previous location. One block of testing consisted of 10 trials (one trial for each hand landmark). For the younger control condition, participants were directed to each landmark 10 times, meaning that data were obtained over 10 blocks. However, testing of the first PD participant determined that asking participants in this condition to complete all 10 blocks was not a viable option. Individuals with PD suffer from motor fatigue ability (Fabbrini et al., 2013) and multiple repetitive tasks led to an increased severity of PD symptoms such as tremors. For these reasons, all subsequent participants only completed 5 blocks of 10 trials each. This ensured we still had 5 estimations for each landmark, without causing distress to participants. Two different random orders were created for the presentation of the locations, and these were randomly assigned to participants. After testing, the occluding board was removed so that the recording could be used to ensure that the hand had not significantly moved throughout the testing period, before the recording was ended. Data Analysis To determine both the actual and estimated locations of the hands, the recordings were replayed using the Kinect Studio software. For each trial, the footage was paused when the participant had the straw pointed at the estimated location. The cursor was then moved to this point, and the x and y coordinates of the cursor was manually inputted into a spreadsheet. The same method was used to determine the actual position of each hand while the occluding board was not in place. The beginning and end of each recording was examined to confirm that the hand had not moved between the start and the end of the experiment. It was often the case that although the hand had not moved in any significant way, there was a couple of pixels difference in the position of a few landmarks. For this reason, the x and y coordinates of the hand position was recorded both before the board was placed, and after it was removed, and the average of these locations was used. For analysis, we were interested in the overestimation of the length of each finger and of the distance between each pair of adjacent knuckles. To calculate the length of each finger, the difference between the x coordinates of the tip and knuckle of the finger was calculated, and the same was done for the y coordinates. Pythagoras’s theorem was then employed to determine the distance, leading to the following formula: The same formula was adapted to determine the distance between each pair of knuckles. These distances were calculated for each block of 10 trials, and then the average was taken for each participant, before being compared to the actual measurements to calculate the percentage overestimation of each distance. For the detection of outliers, all estimations were plotted using RStudio. Code was adapted from Helbing (2020) to plot an ellipse for each hand location per participant, which encompassed at least 80% of all data points. Estimations outside these ellipses were treated as outliers and removed from further analysis. Setting the inclusion of data points to 80% meant that even for older participants, who only performed 5 trials per location, it was still possible for outliers to be seen outside of the ellipse. RStudio did not have the capacity to plot 10 separate ellipses at once, therefore 2 separate plots had to be made per participant. Before analysis, hand maps were also created using RStudio. Although these plots were not used for analysis, they helped to visualise the data. All hand maps can be found in the Appendices.
Publisher
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Lancaster University
Format
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Excel/xlsx
Identifier
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Oates2022
Contributor
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Eleanor Bater
Rights
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Open
Relation
A related resource
None
Language
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English
Type
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Data
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
LA1 4YT
LUSTRE
Adds LUSTRE specific project information
Supervisor
Name of the project supervisor
Megan Readman
Project Level
Project levels should be entered as UG or MSC
MSc
Topic
Should contain the sub-category of Psychology the project falls under
Clinical
Cognitive, Perception
Sample Size
51
Statistical Analysis Type
The type of statistical analysis used in the project
ANOVA