The Decoy Effect on Choosing Branded and Non-Branded Alcohol-related Products
subject: alcohol purchasing decoy effect
description: The decoy effect describes a phenomenon that the introduction of a third choice, usually an asymmetrically dominated one, would change the distribution of people’s preferences for the original two options. Monk et al. (2016) found a basic decoy effect on alcohol purchasing decisions. Extending this, the current study examined the impact of the decoy effect on alcohol-related purchasing decisions and whether the addition of brand names would further impact this. A total of 106 participants were asked to make decisions amongst four types of branded and unbranded drinks by completing an online questionnaire. They also completed the AUDIT, assessing problem drinking patterns, and a measure of trait effortful control. Results showed that the decoy appeared to affect alcoholic relative to non-alcoholic drinks, and affected branded products more than non-branded products. The results suggest that the decoy effect might affect alcohol-related purchasing decisions differently to non-alcoholic purchasing decisions, which might have managerial implications for marketers and health implications for hazardous alcohol consumptions.
creator: Wang Li
source: All the stimuli were pictures of bottles presented with text descriptions including the number of bottles and the total prices. Participants viewed a total of 80 deals, with 40 alcoholic products and 40 non-alcoholic products. Half of the products were branded and half unbranded. With regards to branded stimuli, pictures of bottles similar to those presented in supermarkets were shown (see Figure 2), whilst unbranded ones used similar unbranded bottles in terms of colour and shape. This allowed the products to correspond with both the diversity of goods in real supermarket but also to avoid unnecessary brand association (e.g. red glass bottles always remind consumers of Coca-Cola; Underwood, 2003). In the control condition, participants were shown products with two options, one with less bottles but cheaper, and the other with a greater quantity of bottles but more expensive. As such, option 1 represented the competitor option, which was cost-effective, and option 2 represented the target option, which was moderately cost- effective. The order of cost-effective and moderate-cost effective products was randomised throughout the experiment. In comparison, the experimental conditions also included a decoy option, which presented a product that was the least cost-effective. Although the decoy option itself was unlikely to be selected, it was expected to result in a different distribution of selections from the output of the control group. The sequences of the choice A (cost-effective), B (moderate cost-effective), and the C (decoy) were set randomly. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). This questionnaire was made up of 10-items concerning personal drinking habits, drinking frequency and amount (Saunders et al., 1993). On a scale of one to over 30, articipants responsed to the questions such as “How many units of alcohol do you drink on a typical day when you are drinking?” and a total AUDIT score was computed. The scores of each question were accumulated …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2017
contributor: John Towse
rights: Open
format: data/ xlsx
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Development of an Attentional Bias toward Body Size Stimuli: Performance on a Novel Stroop Task
subject: None
description: Distorted perceptions of body size have been identified and well-documented in eating disordered (ED) and eating-restricted populations, however, less is known about the development of this distortion. Research has employed Stroop food- and body-word tasks to investigate attentional biases towards semantically-related words and found a significant Stroop effect to such stimuli in ED, and sub-clinical, cohorts. The Size Congruity Effect (SiCE) has confirmed the perception of inanimate object size, however such an effect has not yet been studied in regards to body size specifically. This study recruited a novel Stroop size task to measure the perception of conceptual body size versus physical object size in four developmental age groups (Child, Adolescent, Young Adult and Adult). The Body Satisfaction Questionnaire (BSQ-34) was also taken as a measure of body dissatisfaction in participants over the age of 18. Findings indicate that a significant attentional bias towards body size is present across all age groups, but is most prevalent in adolescent and young adult participants. These findings imply that cognitive interference towards body size stimuli is not only present in the typical population, but is also present in children from aged 7. Body dissatisfaction, measured using the BSQ-34, did not have a significant effect on Stroop interference scores, suggesting that dissatisfaction with one’s own body does not implicate perception of others body size. The findings contribute to the fields understanding of body size misperception throughout typical development, the results also infer that body size perception is special, and not processed in the same way as inanimate size.
creator: Raegan Bridget Cecilia Whitehead
source: Participants Eighty-eight participants (N = 88) were recruited to participate in this research. The participants (35 males, 53 females) were aged between 7 and 59 years (Mage = 23.38, SDage = 14.34). Participants were divided into one of four groups, dependent on their chronological age. Child group. Child participants (N = 24, 8 male and 16 female), aged between 7 and 11 years (Mage = 10.04, SDage = 1.23), were recruited from St Boniface RC Primary School, Salford. A minimum participation age of 7 years was enforced for this experiment as previous research has not identified a consistent Stroop effect with younger children (Comalli et al., 1962). Parental consent was obtained prior to the research and participant assent was obtained on the day of testing. Five participants required glasses to correct their eyesight and were permitted to wear these throughout the testing period. Five participants reported having a specific learning difficulty (SLD); three participants had dyslexia, one participant had dyspraxia, one participant had attention deficit disorder (ADD) and one participant had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One participant was on the autism spectrum (ASD). All participants with additional needs were performing well in mainstream school and were therefore considered able to participate in this research. Twelve participants had white British or white Irish ethnicity. Three participants had white European ethnicity. Three participants had black African ethnicity. Three participants had mixed or multiple ethnicities. One participant had Chinese Asian ethnicity. One participant had Irish traveller ethnicity. Two participants spoke English as a second language, however both were fluent English speakers. Each child received a reward sticker for their participation. Adolescent group. Adolescent participants (N = 22, 9 males, 13 females), aged between 13 and 16 years (Mage = 14.73, SDage = 1.12), were recruited through opportunity sampling. Socia…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2015
contributor: Rebecca James
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/SPSS.sav
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Cognitive Processing
subject: Ambient temperature Cognitive reflection Syllogistic reasoning Logistic mixed effects modelling.
description: Over recent decades, climate change has caused the world to get warmer and this trend is set to continue into the future. Relationships between increased temperature and changes in human behaviour, such as increased aggression, have been identified and it is therefore important to consider the impact it may have on other aspects of behaviour. At present, there are limited amounts of research on the effect of temperature on cognitive performance. Within the framework of dual-process theories of cognition and using a Cognitive Reflection Task (CRT) and a Syllogisms Task, the current report researches whether increased ambient temperature (artificially manipulated in a temperature lab) encourages the use of System 1 (i.e. fast, unconscious) processing as opposed to System 2 (i.e. slow, deliberate) processing. The paper asks whether increased temperature leads to more heuristic answers on the CRT and more belief bias on the Syllogisms task. We observed no effect of temperature on performance on the CRT or the Syllogisms task. Similarly, we observed no effect of ambient temperature on belief bias or confidence in answers to the Syllogisms task. However, an effect of ambient temperature was found on how many heuristic responses were given to the CRT, with those in the cold condition giving more heuristic answers than those in the hot condition. We conclude that these findings do not provide support for increased temperature impairing certain aspects of cognitive performance, but also explore unexpected results and discuss potential reasons for these
creator: Nicola Cook
source: Participants 65 individuals participated in this research study. Three were excluded for not meeting the pre-decided eligibility criteria of being a native English speaker aged between 18 and 65. This left 62 participants, 19 male and 43 female (Mage = 25.29 SDage = 8.83). Prior to the study, 1.61% had attained a PhD, 9.68% a Master’s degree, 40.32% a Bachelor’s degree, 33.87% A-Levels, 3.23% GSCEs, 9.68% a Certificate or Diploma and 1.61% had no qualifications. All participants completed the whole study, and none indicated awareness of the true aims of the study, thus, following pre-agreed exclusion criteria all participants were retained for analysis. Materials Cognitive Reflection Task. To test participants’ cognitive reflection, a form of the CRT (Frederick, 2005) was utilised. The CRT consists of a series of problem solving questions, with four multiple choice answers. For example, the question, ‘A bat and a ball cost £1.10 in total. The bat costs £1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?’ is presented alongside the following four options; ‘10p’, ‘5p’, ‘15p’ and ‘90p’. In this case the gut instinct is usually to respond with ‘10p’ however this is incorrect, and the correct response is, ‘5p’. Frederick’s (2005) original version of the task only consisted of three items and has since been criticised for being too short; about 44% of participants who are given the task have previously seen the questions and this leads to the inflation of their scores on subsequent testing sessions (Stieger & Reips, 2016). Consequently, both Primi, Morsanyi, Chiesi, Donati and Hamilton (2016) and Travers, Rolison and Feeney (2016) have since developed longer versions of the tasks; Primi et al.’s (2016) consisted of 6 items, whilst Travers, Rolison and Feeney’s (2016) consisted of 8. The present study combined items from both papers, taking 6 critical items from Primi et al. (2016) and 4 items, used as fillers, (adapted) from Travers, Rolison and Feeney (2016). The fill…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2018
contributor: Ellie Ball
rights: Open
relation: None
format: data/Excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The effect of different question types during shared book reading on children’s narrative comprehension
subject: reading comprehension
description: This study investigated the effect of different question types on narrative comprehension in young children. Forty one five year olds participated in this study. One group (N=14) received three sessions of shared storybook reading in which they practised answering questions about literal information in the story, during the course of the storybook reading. A second group (N=13) practiced answering questions about information that had to be inferred. A third group of controls (N=14), did not receive any intervention. All groups completed two comprehension assessments before and after the intervention: one was a measure of general listening comprehension, the other included measures of both literal and inferential comprehension. Children’s engagement during the storybook reading was also assessed. Contrary to predictions, neither intervention benefitted post-test comprehension significantly. In addition engagement levels did not change over the course of the study. However, a consistent pattern was found for each comprehension measure: the group who received practice with answering inferential questions made the greatest gains. Implications for early literacy experiences are discussed.
creator: Nicola Pooley
source: Design The study was an intervention design with three phases: a pre-test, training phase and post-test. There were three groups: two experimental groups who participated in all phases and a control group who only completed the pre and post tests. The design is shown in Table One. In the pre and post test sessions, participants completed a general measure of listening comprehension (adapted from the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability II, Neale, 1997) and a bespoke measure of listening comprehension with questions to tap literal and inferential comprehension. Participants were assigned to groups on the basis of their scores in the pre-test so that the three groups (two intervention and one control) did not differ in their performance on these measures (see Table Five). Children in the intervention conditions listened to three stories in separate sessions and either received practice at answering literal or inferential questions throughout the stories. In the post test all children were again assessed on alternate forms of the same measures used in the pre-test. Table 1. Intervention design used. Group Pre Test 1 Training 2 3 Post test Control General + Bespoke Listening Comprehension. x x x General + Bespoke Listening Comprehension. Literal General + Bespoke Listening Comprehension. Literal Literal Literal General + Bespoke Listening Comprehension. Inferential General + Bespoke Listening Comprehension. Inferential Inferential Inferential General + Bespoke Listening Comprehension. Materials: Pre and Post test. General Measure of Listening Comprehension. The following stories taken from the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARA, Neale, 1997) were read to each participant in either the pre or post test: Toys, Tree house, Lost and Found, Road Safety. Toys or Lost and Found were used as practice tasks at the beginning of the pre/post test to help develop rapport. The stories were chosen so that the level of difficulty was consistent pre and post test. Comprehension quest…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2010
contributor: John Towse
language: English
type: Project description
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Effect of Positive and Negative Emotional States on the Price Sensitivity to Green Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in the UK
subject: Psychology, behaviour, mood, pricing, green marketing, advertising
description: Consumers are growing increasingly aware about the environmental consequences of their daily purchases, creating a potentially lucrative space for agile brands to leverage sustainable or green fast-moving consumer good (FMCG) production and increase revenue and profit. However, a fuller exploitation of this growth is impeded by the high costs of offering greener FMCG’s, which are passed onto consumers via higher prices, leading to a preference for cheaper, non-green FMCG’s due to price sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the power of positive and negative emotional states in reducing this price sensitivity and thus, increasing green FMCG buying behaviour. To induce the two emotional states, conventionally happy and sad video stimuli were utilised, followed by a fictional product selection between green and non-green FMCG’s. The research involved two phases. Phase 1 applied a qualitative method in the form of two focus groups (total n = 10) to test and enhance the general research procedure, while gathering additional insights regarding the overall study subject. Phase 2 integrated the refined procedure into a quantitative questionnaire, which involved a sample for each emotional state and a third sample as a control (total n = 300). The results demonstrated that neither positive nor negative emotional states had an overall significant influence on FMCG product selection. The discussion of the results includes insights from Phase 1 and provides recommendations for brands. The study limitations and future research directions are also presented. The research was conducted for and funded by Astroten – a behavioural science consultancy in London.
creator: Oleksandr (Alex) Myroshnychenko
source: Methods Overall Design In accordance with the research questions and hypotheses, the methodology tested the effect of positive and negative emotional states, which were induced by two online videos. Each video contained copyright-free footage, one depicting humorous scenes (positive state), and the other depicting sadness (negative state). The impact of the videos’ mood-inducement was primarily measured by the outcomes of a fictional product selection in which participants chose between a more expensive green FMCG and a less expensive non-green FMCG. Specific Design The project comprised two data collection and analysis phases. Phase 1 was a pilot qualitative study in which the overall design described above was discussed/tested and a series of additional questions regarding the relationship between green and non-green FMCG’s, emotional state (mood), and price were asked. Hence, the utility of Phase 1 was two-fold. First, it obtained richer insights afforded by the inherent advantage of qualitative research over quantitative research, through an in-depth exploration of participants’ perspectives around their decision-making regarding more expensive green FMCG’s. Second, this same advantage also yielded direct feedback from the participants on the general procedure so that it could be refined for Phase 2 – an online quantitative questionnaire. The questionnaire’s purpose was to achieve a stronger empirical basis for the effects of positive and negative emotional states. Phase 1: Pilot Qualitative Study The qualitative approach for Phase 1 consisted of focus groups. This method was selected because focus groups could facilitate the dynamic development of ideas between participants in contrast to individual in-depth interviews. In the latter, certain thoughts and perspectives could have failed to emerge, and to introduce these thoughts and perspectives, the researcher would risk posing leading questions, affecting data validity. In addition, given the study timeframe, …
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 08/09/2023
contributor: Dan Qiao
rights: open
relation: None
format: Data
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Effect of Repetitive Headers on Acute Vestibular, Neural, Cognitive and Auditory Function in Football Players
subject: Repetitive Sub-concussion, Football Heading, Neurocognitive Performance
description: The potential long-term consequences of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts, particularly from heading in football, have raised concerns about their association with neurodegenerative diseases in ex-professional football players. Recent research suggests that the accumulative nature of heading in football may lead to subtle brain changes, ultimately contributing to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. This study aimed to investigate the immediate short-term effects of repeated headers in football on brain function. Seventeen football players completed a total of five high-force linear headers, one header every 2-minutes, imitating corner clearance headers, positioned 32 meters away from a ball launching machine. Four neurophysiological assessments were reported pre- and post-heading exercise: 1) vestibular evaluation for balance and sway changes, 2) neural assessment for resting brain activity changes, 3) cognitive tests measuring memory, attention and reaction time, 4) auditory assessment to assess any auditory processing changes. Paired-samples t-tests and Wilcoxon’s signed rank tests found no significant changes in pre-to-post heading exercise scores in any measurements. These findings warrant further investigation to determine whether the measures used were sensitive enough to detect subtle sub-concussive changes. Or, whether findings indicate a safe maximum number, specific to this type of header, has been established and this frequency does not pose any additional risks to footballers’ brain function. This study contributes to the ongoing research surrounding player safety in football and the immediate short-term effects of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts.
creator: Jessica Andrew
source: Method Participants A power analysis for Analysis of Variance was conducted to determine the sample size needed for this study with an 80% power level, which identified a minimum of 40 participants to achieve a medium effect size of f=0.25, α=.001. This study did not collect a full sample and therefore is underpowered, as there are only a total of 17 participants (mean age=20.35). Participants were either academy players from Burnley Football Club or Lancaster University’s football team and were required to be male aged between 18 and 30- years with no history of concussion within the last month. This ensured variability between participants was minimal and excluding individuals with a recent history of concussion will mitigate potential confounding effects and isolate acute sub-concussive effects of heading, meaning this study will better attribute any observed effects to the specific act of heading rather than to prior injuries. Prior to volunteering, participants gave full consent and completed a modified version of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q), which is designed to measure participants readiness to participate in exercise or physical activity. See Appendix A for questionnaire. The purpose of the PAR-Q was to identify any potential underlying health concerns that may become an issue when participating. Additionally, participants completed a demographic questionnaire which was used to collect information about characteristics of the sample and highlighted whether participants had recently been concussed. See Appendix B for questionnaire. If any health concerns emerged during the completion of either questionnaire, participants were unable to continue with participation. Materials Participants were tested using a test battery comprised from four elements detailed below. PROTXX. Vestibular sway was measured using a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU), called PROTXX. IMU is an electronic device designed to measures and report an individu…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: September 5th,2023
contributor: Niko Liu ,Anusha Sandeep, David Racovita
rights: 'Open'
relation: N/A
format: Excel.csv("Linear Heading Study Data.xlsx") r_file.R("Dissertation_Masters.R")
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA20PF

The Effect of Sleep on the Processing of Emotional False Memories
subject: DRM false memory
description: People often think they remember events and information that in fact never happened. In previous studies using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, participants viewed lists of semantically related words, and during testing were more likely to accept as seen words that were related to the lists but were actually unseen, indicating a false memory. Research suggests that sleep promotes this effect, as does the use of negatively valenced stimuli, although the effect of emotion is disputed. The current study investigated what effect emotion, in particular valence, has on false memory formation, and whether sleep promotes emotional false memories. Fifty participants were tested on their recognition performance using an emotional and neutral DRM paradigm after a 12-hour period of sleep or wake. As predicted, we found an increase in false recognition of negatively valenced lure words, as well as an overall effect of emotion, with emotional words leading to increased false recognition compared to neutral. We failed to replicate any sleep effect on performance accuracy of neutral or emotional memory, although the response time data indicates some effect of sleep on emotional memory performance. The quality of participants’ sleep and design of the current study are explored as possible explanations for this lack of a sleep effect. This study therefore indicates that emotion plays a significant role in the formation of false memories independent of sleep.
creator: Chloe Newbury
source: Negative and positive DRM word-lists and critical lures were taken from Brainerd, Holliday, Reyna, Yang, and Toglia (2010) who controlled for other properties that are thought to affect false memory formation, including concreteness, meaning and frequency of words (Roediger, Watson, McDermott, & Gallo, 2001). Neutral DRM lists and critical lures were taken from Stadler, Roediger, and McDermott (1999). Two separate lists were formed, one with negative and neutral words, and the other with positive and neutral words (see Appendix A for word-lists). Participants in both the positive and negative condition viewed the same five lists of neutral words, as well as ten negative or positive word-lists. Mean valence and arousal scores for word-lists and critical lures were taken from the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) (Bradley & Lang, 1999). Independent samples t-tests showed that positive words had significantly higher ratings of valence than negative t(11.41) = 7.42, p < .001, and neutral words, t(13) = 7.43, p < .001. Negative words had significantly lower ratings of valence than neutral words, t(13) = 2.31, p = .038. Furthermore, negative and positive word-lists did not significantly differ in terms of arousal, t(12.92) = 0.52, p = .613, however neutral words had significantly lower ratings of arousal than positive, t(13) = 2.67, p = .019, and negative words, t(13) = 4.87, p < .001. It was also important that word-lists were controlled in terms of frequency and BAS. Frequency scores were taken from the MRC Psycholinguistic Database (Coltheart, 1981). Independent samples t-tests showed no significant difference in frequency ratings between negative and positive word-lists, t(18) = 0.18, p = .816, positive and neutral word-lists, t(13) = .35, p = .735, and negative and neutral word-lists, t(13) = 0.50, p = .624. BAS ratings were taken from the University of South Florida Free Association Norms (Nelson, McEvoy & Schreiber, 1998). There was no significant difference…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2015
contributor: John Towse
rights: Open
format: data/SPSS.sav
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The Effect of Systematic Variance in Action Capabilities on Grasp Ability Perception.
subject: Embodied perception Grasp ability Affordance perception Virtual Reality
description: The ecological approach to visual perception asserts that individuals perceive environments relative to the possibility of action within their environment. Hence, to successfully interact with one’s environment, individuals must be able to accurately perceive the extent over which actions can be performed, widely referred to as action boundaries. Furthermore, as the world in which we inhabit is continually changing and subsequently placing various constraints upon ones action boundaries, it is necessary for individuals to be able to update their perceived action boundaries to accommodate for such variance. While research has displayed that individuals can update their perceptions to accommodate for variance, what is unclear in these circumstances is which action boundary does the perceptual system calibrate to. This study investigated this by analysing the effect of systematic variance on perceived grasp ability in virtual reality. Participants provided estimates of grasp ability following motor experience grasping with either a small, normal, large or a varied size hand. In the variance condition, participants experienced the small hand 25% of the time, the normal hand 25% of the time, and the large hand 50% of the time. The results indicated that participants’ perception of grasp ability reflected the artificial manipulation such that grasp ability was largest in the large hand condition. In addition, regarding the variable condition participants took all visual information into consideration however erred on the side of caution. However, it may be that factors such as age and personality influenced the results.
creator: Megan Rose Readman
source: Open Science Framework (OSF) This study has been pre-registered with the OSF; See https://osf.io/zkjdt/ for the main OSF project page. The following study deviated from the pre-registration in that data collection occurred for 12 days longer than initially intended as participant uptake was not as high as initially assumed it would be. Participants 30 Lancaster University Students (5 males and 25 females) aged between 18-26 (Mage = 21.07, SDage = 1.17), naïve to the purpose of this study, participated. All participants were recruited via opportunity sampling, utilising the Lancaster University Sona research participation system, advertisements and the researcher’s social network, and were paid £5 for their participation. Of these participants 29 were right-handed, and one was mixed-handed. The one mixed-handed participant elected to complete the study with their right hand, therefore, the following conclusions and data should be treated as all right-handed participants. In addition, all participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and had no known medical history of visual atypicalties, beyond being long or short-sighted, motoric or rheumatologic difficulties. All participants provided informed consent. Lancaster University Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for this study. Stimuli and apparatus A virtual environment was developed in Unity 3D© Gaming Engine with the Leap Motion plugin. The 3D VR colour display comprised a 3D model of a room in which a table was located in the centre. Upon this table were either two grey dots (in the calibration trials; See Panel A of Figure 2) or a grey block (block size manipulation trials; See Panel B Figure 2). The participant’s viewed the VR from a first-person perspective reflecting their natural eye-height. The environment was presented to participants through an Oculus Rift CV1 HMD, which displayed the stereoscopic reality at 2160×1200 at 90Hz split over both displays (Binstock, 2015). The movement of…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2018
contributor: Ellie Ball
rights: Open
relation: None
format: data/SPSS.sav
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The effects of ambient temperature on aggressive cognitions
subject: Ambient, temperature, aggression Linear mixed effects modelling, regression, correlation
description: The world is getting warmer and it is of interest to researchers to explore how changes in temperature experience affect human behaviour. The heat hypothesis suggests that an increase in heat is associated with an increase in antisocial behaviour (e.g. violence, aggression). However social embodiment studies have also demonstrated hotter temperatures to be associated with less antisocial behaviour (e.g. greater gift giving). This study investigated whether higher ambient temperatures are associated with more or less antisocial responding using a controlled laboratory approach. Participants were placed into either a cold room or a hot room whilst they completed two tasks that implicitly measured the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. Using a combination of linear mixed effects analyses and regression analyses, the results demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the two temperature conditions concerning the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in a lexical decision go/no-go task and a word fragment completion task. Consequently the heat hypothesis and theories based upon a social embodiment framework were not supported in this case. Possible alternative explanations and limitations of the study are discussed regarding the inconsistent results to that proposed by particular theoretical frameworks and illustrated in previous research. Directions for future research are suggested in light of the present findings.
creator: Melissa Barclay
source: Participants In total, 65 participants took part in this study. Unfortunately the preregistered sample size figure of 120 participants was unable to be reached due to recruitment limitations. Participants were recruited via Lancaster University’s SONA system, via adverts, were friends of the researcher or were recruited on an opportunistic basis around the Lancaster University campus. As a reward for participating, participants were entered into a prize draw to win one of 12 £10 Amazon vouchers. Participants were excluded if they met any of several a priori agreed upon rules for exclusion: (a) non-native English speaker, or (b) made a connection in the debrief section between the room temperature and aggression measurements. Three participants were excluded from the analyses on this basis. Therefore 62 participants data remained in the analyses. Demographic information was obtained using questions on the Qualtrics survey (Qualtrics, Provo, UT). The mean age of participants was 25.29 years (SD = 8.83; 43 female, 19 male). It was preregistered that participants must be between 18 and 55 years of age however due to the prospect of increasing the sample size, the age range was increased to 18 to 60 years of age. Participants were randomly assigned to the cold condition (n = 31) or the hot condition (n = 31). Materials Lexical decision go/no-go task. A lexical decision go/no-go task was used to gauge the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. The standard lexical decision task (LDT) is an indirect measure of semantic activation of specific constructs (e.g. aggression) and is an excellent method to assess the activation of such semantic networks (Marsh & Landau, 1995; see Parrott, Zeichner & Evces, 2005). Advantageously, as the task does not require conscious expression, it is not easily affected by demand characteristics (see Greitemeyer & Osswald, 2011). The LDT task was used in conjunction with a go/no-go response whereby participants are instructed to respond as quic…
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 2015
contributor: Ellie Ball
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/Excel.csv
language: English
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF

The effects of code switching in the level of persuasiveness of advertising and marketing messages on bilingual consumers.
subject: Bilingualism Code-switching Language Manipulation Advertising Communication Language Comprehension/Cognition
description: Bilingualism and advertising are two concepts which are not commonly related, but based on recent statistics they definitely should be. Recent numbers show that more than 50% of the world’s population is bilingual (Grosjean, 2010). However, there has been minimal research concerning bilingual consumers and how bilinguals may differently encounter advertising messages, based on their ability to speak two languages. The research that has been done, is primarily based on code switching; the practice of switching between languages during speech. It is a very common practice between bilinguals, which they use to better communicate and better express themselves during a conversation in a specific social context. This study will attempt to analyse the effects of language manipulation upon bilingual individuals, by implementing the concept of advertising and more specifically bilingual advertising. participants will firstly encounter a manipulation of attitude towards language, before encountering a set of advertising slogans of certain products, in a code-switched format. They will then have to rate the products, based on the persuasiveness of the advertising slogans.
creator: Stephanos Mosfiliotis
source: Firstly, a manipulation of attitude towards the language took place. Participants were presented with a random mock article, either in Greek or English. Participants were then presented with four audio recordings of advertising messages/slogans of four different products. Slogans were either all in Greek or English and they were presented in the same code-switching direction; from primary to Secondary or from Secondary to primary. A single word was chosen from each slogan and was code-switched to the opposite language appropriately. Participants were then asked to evaluate the featured products based on the advertising message they heard. Evaluations were obtained through a series of six questions, asking the participant to rate the featured product on a Likert type scale, varying from one to six. These included: “poor/high quality”, “level of appeal”, “odds of recommending the product to others”, “odds of buying the product”, “mediocre/exceptional” and “bad/good”.
publisher: Lancaster University
date: 14/08/2022
contributor: Katie Alcock
rights: Open
relation: None
format: Data/.CSV
language: English and Greek
type: Data
coverage: LA1 4YF